Actually, March 2023 "Download" button is available but only for some public videos (on private video I don't see it). However, there is no option to "Download captions and subtitles"
Can students see the badges that get applied to them? Would they also see, for example, how many times they "left early" or had "great participation" or "really annoyed his neighbors today"?
No, students cannot see badges and LMS admins can delete any course-level badges deemed inappropriate. However, I think really annoyed neighbors today is a good marker for potential behavior modification. :) More detail information on badges is found here: community.canvaslms.com/docs/DOC-13060-4152107413