pH and temperature are typically monitored using sensors, pH sensors are immersed in the reactor's water. These sensors continuously measure the pH level of the water. The pH sensor consists of a glass electrode that generates a voltage proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution. This voltage is then converted into a pH value, which is typically displayed on a digital monitor or transmitted to a control system. Temperature sensors, often thermocouples or resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are also placed within the reactor. These sensors measure the temperature of the water or the surrounding environment. The temperature data is then typically displayed on a digital monitor or transmitted to a control system.