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Wonderful explanation and illustration. Can't wait for solid state batteries where the remaining issues are just dendrite formation in the anode and expansion/contraction of the electrodes.
very poor very poor i dig our england and see the mistakes in every way they have made not to say once moved mans best needs to be done its just not good enough
Very poor, you need to explain in depth your poor opinion, otherwise you come across as a miserable personality. I guess you are American and that would explain a lot.
BTW the Conservatore DOES have the greatest job in the world! What amazes me is how durable and resilient the wood is..this blows me away because I knew nothing about the drying process..what an education this was! Again, i just cant wait to enjoy the rest of the videos on my NEW favorite channel! Well, it new to me.
THIS is what I was scrolling around for! Thank You so much for allowing me to start my Sunday on the right foot. This was just TERRIFIC! I am a proud subscriber now! There is nothing more exiting for me than World History! I come from the United States and the English ROCK when it comes to making Documentaries! Don't get me wrong, Ive got nothing against Ken Burns (LOL)..!
I always am amazed how very insular the British are and even British academics. Nowhere had anyone raised an old ship before the Mary Rose?? Ahem.... why not take a trip to Stockholm and look at Vasa, a perfectly preserved whole early 17th century warship raised from the deep, in the water just outside the old town in Stockholm??? It was sucessfully raised in 1961, long long before Mary Rose was even excavated. I encourage anyone visiting Stockholm to visit the museum, you will be amazed, when you enter you will se an enormous ship just in front of you, almost like she is once again charging ahead. I havemto confess being rather underwhelmed by what is left of Mary Rose, I suppose having been spoiled being treated with visits to Vasa since my early schooldays. Even so I would like to visit themuseum, I am sure the archaeologists did a fantastic job and it is for sure a great timecapsule.
The Mary Rose Trust worked closely with the people who were involved in raising of the Vasa, and the two trusts still collaborate and share knowledge on how to preserve these two ships. What should have been said is that no one had raised a ship of this age before, from these conditions as the Mary Rose is older than the Vasa, and whilst the Vasa was inside a harbour when she sank the Mary Rose was in the middle of the Solent, way outside Portsmouth Harbour. I'd love to visit the Vasa someday, but I know the Mary Rose quite well.
Very nice comparison with Troy and graphical illustrations of the loss mechanisms, but a list of loss contributors seems to be missing at the end, so here they are: Lithium-ion batteries can lose capacity over repeated charge-discharge cycles due to a number of different mechanisms. These effects occur throughout the battery, from the anode to the cathode, as well as in the electrolyte and at the interfaces between these components (high charge or discharge current can accelerate these loss mechanisms). Here are some of these mechanisms, starting from the anode: 1. Solid-Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) Formation (Anode): The SEI is a layer that forms on the surface of the anode (typically made of graphite or other carbon material in most commercial Li-ion batteries) due to reaction with the electrolyte during the initial charging cycles. The SEI can protect the anode from further reactions, but its formation consumes lithium ions and thus reduces the battery's initial capacity. In addition, if the SEI is not stable (e.g., it continues to grow or it cracks and reforms), it can lead to further capacity loss over time. 2. Lithium Plating (Anode): If the battery is charged too quickly, lithium ions may not have time to intercalate into the anode and instead may deposit on the anode's surface, forming metallic lithium. This process, known as lithium plating, is irreversible and can result in a permanent loss of capacity. It can also lead to the formation of dendritic structures, which can cause internal short circuits and pose safety risks. .3 Electrolyte Decomposition: The electrolyte (which sits between the anode and the cathode) can decompose over time due to reactions with the anode and the cathode, particularly at high voltages and temperatures. This decomposition can consume lithium ions, leading to capacity loss, and can also contribute to the growth of the SEI and the cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI). 4. Loss of Active Material (Anode and Cathode): Mechanical stress from the volume changes that occur during lithium intercalation and deintercalation can cause particles of the anode and cathode to crack or fracture, leading to a loss of electrical contact and thus a loss of capacity. The binders and conductive additives used in the electrode can also degrade over time, leading to a loss of electrical contact. 5. Cathode Material Degradation: The cathode material can undergo a range of chemical and physical changes that reduce its capacity over time. These include the dissolution of transition metals, phase changes in the cathode material, and the loss of lithium ions due to side reactions. The exact mechanisms depend on the specific cathode material (e.g., lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, etc.). 6. Cathode Electrolyte Interface (CEI) Formation: Similar to the SEI on the anode, a passivation layer can also form on the cathode surface due to reactions with the electrolyte. The formation and continuous growth of the CEI layer can lead to an increase in internal resistance and a decrease in capacity. 7. Gas Generation: Both the anode and cathode can react with the electrolyte to produce gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen (H2). These gases can build up and cause the battery to swell, which can damage the internal structure and lead to a loss of capacity. 8. Cathode Electrolyte Loss: In some cases, the electrolyte can react with the cathode material and get consumed, particularly under high-voltage conditions. This leads to a decrease in the amount of liquid electrolyte available for ion transport, increasing the internal resistance and decreasing the battery's capacity. 9. Impurity Effects: Impurities in the anode, cathode, or electrolyte materials can catalyze unwanted reactions or interfere with the normal operation of the battery, leading to capacity loss. 10. Thermal Runaway: Under certain conditions (such as overcharge, short circuit, or extreme heat), batteries can undergo a process called thermal runaway, where internal reactions rapidly increase the battery's temperature. This can lead to the breakdown of the anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials, resulting in a significant loss of capacity. 11. Loss of Electrolyte to the Anode (Lithium Dendrite Formation): When lithium metal forms on the anode as a dendrite, it can react with the electrolyte to form SEI. This consumes the electrolyte, reducing the number of available lithium ions. 12. Interface Impedance Growth: Over time, the impedance at the anode and cathode interfaces can grow, possibly due to continued SEI and CEI growth. This increased resistance can lower the effective capacity of the battery by making it harder for ions to move from one electrode to the other. 13. Structural Disorder in the Anode or Cathode Materials: Cycling can induce changes in the crystal structure of the anode or cathode materials. These changes can disrupt the pathways for lithium-ion transport, making the battery less efficient and reducing its capacity.
"But this was in The Guardian, of all things". Except, I'm not so sure anymore about the 'all things'. Ilan Kelman (Professor of Disasters & Health at UCL) made a similar point about journalism in general and The Guardian in particular. See 'When journalists bypass disaster science' on the internet. Great talk by the way.
Super interesting! I like the pragmatism here - always difficult to challenge standard perspectives! If we have two ways forward for plastic 1) recycling economy (using fossil feedstocks) vs. 2) "fossils-from-plastics" economy, it seems to me the comparative LCA should focus on GWP of producing secondary polymers (from recycled waste polymer) vs. polymers using "fossils-from-plastics" approach. Since we are heading towards a recycling economy, to better understand long term impact, this would seem to be more appropriate comparison (opposed to trying to find the cross over point for "fossils-from-plastics" and virgin fossil derived polymers). I dont know if this makes the argument stronger or weaker, and would be very interesting to see the results!
Between his work and that of others such as Mike Levin, things look to be progressing a lot slower than Lee projected, and orders of magnitude faster than anyone else predicted. (;
At 14:20. Carbon is obviously the best conductor. So creating "diamond's" has been a thing for awhile. As we inch closer to mores law, what can we expect?
00:30 "altruism, what is in the best interest of others" I come from the school of cynics in that we self deceive ourselves that we are helping others because it extends our life, and pretends to give us purpose. For instance, old ladies burn fossil fuels daily to survive, these fossil fuels take many millions of years for nature to create and therefore denying future generations. Burning them now is wrecking the planet, yet we say we are helping and caring the future generation, when actually our existence is making it worse for them. There are simply too many people, but our priority is our own selfish survival, and we deceive others and ourselves. This is consistent with the parable of the redwoods, we are in an arms race between deceit and detecting deceit. A good example if we have exterminated our hominid cousins, causing a mass extinction, yet claim we are children of a made-up deity and are wonderful.
Your big brain has caused dendrite formations in my small brain capacity. The amount of useful knowledge tumbling toward me is overwhelming. The work done is of critical importance and endlessly fascinating. Staggering in its complexity. Author, Author!
interestingly i was about to begin my research work on these tiny predators and last week i read your same articles and today the video popped up onto my you tube home.
This guy can't be trusted to diagnose a breast tumour, he's consulted for lovely companies like Syngenta, Dupont, Bayer etc. The real pieces of shit of the world.
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