Tamil letters: அ = अ ஆ = आ இ = इ ஈ = इ உ = उ ஊ = ऊ எ = ऎ (Short) ஏ = ए (long) ஐ = ऐ ஒ = ऒ (Short) ஓ = ओ (long) ஔ = औ Aaytham = ஃ = अः ( pronounced as अह् ) க= क/ग, ங = ङ, ச = च/श/ज, ஞ = ञ, ட = ट/ड, ண = ण, த = त/द, ந = न, ப = प/ब, ம = म, ய = य , ர = र, ல = ल, வ = व, ழ = ऴ, ள = ळ, ற = ऱ, ன = ऩ Grantha letters (only used for writing foreign words): ஶ = श, ஷ= ष, ஸ = स, ஹ = ह, ஜ = ज, க்ஷ= क्ष, ஸ்ரீ = श्री. ______________________________________________________ Tongue positions: (this chart is apt completely for Tamil language and partially for Sanskrit language because र becomes retroflex and ल becomes dental in Sanskrit which eliminates the whole ㄴ= alveolar row. Also, no ழ, ள, ற & ன letters in sanskrit) *ㅇ = ஃ । । । । ஹ *ㄱ = {க, ங}। । । । * ㅈ = {ச, ஞ}। {ய} । । ।ஜ,ஶ * ㄷ= {ட, ண}। । {ழ, ள}। ।ஷ * ㄴ= ।{ர, ல}। । {ற, ன}। * 느 = {த, ந}। । । ।ஸ * 므 = । {வ} । । । * ㅁ = {ப, ம}। । । । ㅇ= Glottal, ㄱ= Velar, ㅈ= Palatal, ㄷ= Retroflex, ㄴ= Alveolar, 느= Dental, 므= Labiodental & ㅁ= Bilabial ______________________________________________________ General Rules for Tamil pronunciation: 1. Kххх, xxKKxx, xxG, xங்G & xxGxx 2. CHxxx/Çxxx, xxCHCHxx, xxÇ, xஞ்Jx & xxÇxx 3. T̩xxx, xxT̩T̩xx, xxD̩, xண்D̩x & xxD̩xx 4. THxx, xxTHTHxx, xxDH, xந்DHx & xxDHxx 5. Pxxx, xxPPxx, xxB, xம்Bx & xxBxx 6. rxxx, xxttxx, xxr, xன்dx, xxrxx Examples: 1. கண், பக்கம், பகை, கங்கு, & பகல் 2. சிவப்பு, பச்சை, பசை, தஞ்சம் & வீசம் 3. டxxxx, கட்டம், கடை, பண்டம் & படம் 4. தறி, பத்து, விதை, சந்தை & புதையல் 5. பண், கப்பல், சபை, கம்பு & கபம் 6. றxxx, சுற்றம், நிறை, மன்றம், உறவு ______________________________________________________ *ந, ன, & ண:* *ந* , the Dental consonant, is pronounced by touching the base of the front upper teeth using the (top) tip of the tongue. It is called as *தந்நகரம்*. The Place of articulation of both *த* & *ந* are same. And they always come in pairs as in the words like ச*ந்த*ம், ப*ந்து*, etc. *ன* , the Alveolar consonant, is pronounced by touching the alveolar ridge (region just behind the upper front teeth) using the tip of the tongue. It is same as the *English N* . It is called as *றன்னகரம்* . The Place of articulation of both *ற* & *ன* are same. And they always come in pairs as in the words like ம*ன்ற*ம், க*ன்று*, etc. *ண*, the Retroflex, is pronounced by rolling the tongue backwards and touching the hard palate using the Bottom of the Tongue's Tip. It is called as *டண்ணகரம்* . The Place of articulation of both *ட* & *ண* are same. And they always come in pairs as in the words like ப*ண்ட*ம், செ*ண்டு* , etc. *Tongue's shape & Position using Hangul letter:* ந = 느 (Dental) : Must touch the upper front teeth. ன =ㄴ (Alveolar) : No touching of upper front teeth. ண = ㄷ (Retroflex): No touching of upper front teeth & the curled tongue touching the hard palate. Example: 1. நாராயணன் has all the three letters. 2. நந்தினி when pronounced will show the difference of both ந & ன very clearly. Grammatically speaking, In Hindi, both the ந & ன are represented by the single letter न whereas ண is represented by the letter ण. But, to differentiate them, Devanagari adopted nuqta. ந = ऩ ன= न ண= ण. *ர & ற:* *ர* , the Alveolar Tap/flap, is pronounced by tapping or flapping the tongue’s tip against the alveolar ridge. It is more like *caressing or gliding the alveolar ridge gently with the tongue's tip once* (like tickling with feather). It is called as *இடையின ரகரம்* . *ற* , the Alveolar Trill, is pronounced by trilling the tongue’s tip against the alveolar ridge. It is more like *repeatedly bombarding the alveolar ridge forcely with the tongue's tip (like jackhammering the concrete ceiling)* . It is called as *வல்லின றகரம்* . Gemination of *ர* , that is *ர்ர* is pronounced as *rra* . But the gemination of *ற* , that is *ற்ற* is pronounced as *tta* (or tra in some dialects) and gets softened as *nda* (or ndra in some dialects) when paired with ன i.e. *ன்ற*. * ற = it is like jackhammering the ceiling to break it. * ர = it is like caressing a feather to tickle somebody. * ர்ர்ர்ர்ர்ர்ர் = sound of a fast moving motor car. * ற்ற்ற்ற் = you can't make this sound because ற்ற is pronounced as "tt" as in "Letter". Similarly, ன்ற is pronounced as "nd" as in "Send". Example: எர்ரப்பட்டி (Errappaʈʈi), a village name and பதற்றம் (Padhattam), meaning tension. Both ர & ற, never occur as a first letter of any word according to the Tholkappiyam. But the new loan words usually starts with ர in Tamilnadu, Singapore & Malaysia. On contrast, ற is used in Srilankan Tamil. *ல, ள, & ழ:* *ல* , the Alveolar consonant, is pronounced by touching the *alveolar ridge* (region just behind the upper front teeth) using the tip of the tongue.It is same as the *English L* . *ள* , the Retroflex consonant, is pronounced by *rolling the tongue backwards and touching the hard palate* using the bottom of the tongue's tip. *ழ* is also a Retroflex consonant but differs from ள in pronunciation slightly. The place of articulation of ழ is same as ள but its manner of articulation differs. While pronouncing ழ, roll the tongue backwards and then *glide gently (like caressing with feather) through the hard palate without pressing* it using the bottom of the tongue's tip. All the three letters ல, ள, & ழ, cannot occur as first letter of any words according to the Tholkappiyam. But the new loan words usually written with ல as first letter in some words. *ஃ & ஹ:* *ஃ* ,the Tamil letter Āytham (which is neither a vowel nor a consonant), in IPA is represented by /h/, a voiceless glottal fricative (approximately equivalent to the Sanskrit Visarga *அ:* or *അഃ* or *अः* ) when pronounced the air gushes out through the mouth *without any vibration in the throat* . *ஹ* , the Grantha letter (which is only used to write the loan words especially Sanskrit), in IPA is represented by /ɦ/, a voiced glottal fricative (equivalent to the Sanskrit letter *ஹ* or *ഹ* or *ह* ), when pronounced the air gushes out through the mouth along *with the vibration in the throat* . *ச, ஶ, ஸ, & ஷ :* *ச* , the palatal consonant (middle part of the tongue touching the palate), represents three sounds. They are: */c/, /ç/ & /ɟ/* . The letter ச sounds like */ç/* when it occurs as an initial, or middle or final letter. This /ç/ is palatal but sounds like "English S" which is alveolar. Ex: சபை, கசடு, பசை, & Françis. Since this /ç/ is also very close to the Sanskrit Grantha letter ஶ (in IPA it is represented as /ɕ/), the Sanskrit transliteration involving ஶ gets replaced by ச in Tamll. Ex: ஶிவஶக்தி as சிவசக்தி. When the gemination (or doubling) of ச occurs then it takes the sound */c/* . Ex: பச்சை, மொச்சை, அச்சு, etc. And, ச sounds like */ɟ/* when it occurs with its nasal pair ஞ. Ex: தஞ்சை, வாஞ்சை, பஞ்சு, etc. *ஸ* , the Grantha letter, sounds like the English letter S. But the only difference is, according to Sanskrit grammar ஸ is categorised as dental sound /s̪/ whereas the "English letter S" is an alveolar sound /s/. *ஷ* is a Retroflex consonant like ழ but differs in pronunciation slightly. The place of articulation of ஷ is same as ழ but its manner of articulation differs. While pronouncing ஷ, roll the tongue backwards and then touch the hard palate with a small gap & without pressing it using the bottom of the tongue's tip. The throat vibrates while pronouncing ழ whereas it's not in case of ஷ.
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