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no nation exclusively WANTED a war, there were differing opinions within the leadership of all these nations. Every nation had some hardline warmongers as well as people who tried to deescalate. The various empires weren’t unified in their thinking, they all had those driving for war and those trying to preserve peace. Ironically perhaps Czar Nikolas, kaiser Wilhelm and Franz Joseph actually tried to maintain peace or at least deescalate the situation, but they all had ministers, statesmen and ambassadors that were war mongers and sadly the war hawks won out. For instance franz Joseph had his mail literally withheld or intercepted by his ministers, some even lied to him and said Serbian army was shelling Austrian positions before war had actually begun. The Hungarian prime minister who wanted peace had his communications with the emperor blocked…..czar Nikolas cancelled his mobilisation order when he realised what was happening, his chief of staff literally said NO to him…..kaiser Wilhelm was on holiday and behind his back the German foreign ministers were basically doing things contrary to his orders. Bethman Holbeck kept colluding with the Austrian foreign ministers to encourage war with Serbia, the kaiser found out and cut his holiday short, then tried to withdraw German unconditional support but it was too late. He suggested a limited occupation of Belgrade and to have a mediation of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to make it more reasonable, this of course never happened as behind his back his ministers and cooked up this ultimatum to be designed to be rejected and justify the invasion. The Serbs didn’t help themselves by doing nothing to root out the black hand and purge government and military officials who were involved with these secret organisations. So it’s not entirely unreasonable that Austria wanted a war with them. All the monarchs of these 3 empires tried to pull back and deescalate to varying degrees.
I suppose when Moses descended from Mount Sinai he had some materials to sate the mob and the mountain in the background. Robespierre was not of the line of prophets, had nothing ultimately but a 'bag' of ideas, and one imagines everyone, at that time, had plenty of those, and a papier mache stage set. I think there is a rationale in trying re-imagine the infinite for social control, but he should have got someone else to do the speech and the walk. If he was 'sane', he was at least vain. A very interesting discussion, thank you.
Fascinating! That it was aristocrats - deepy interested in land - who financed the gum trade in Guyana makes sense. I'm curious about the characterization of Michel Adanson as an elite - would love to hear more.
Germany was the guilty one, because the way the Gerries were by 1914. Too civilized and refined and clean in some ways, and too savage and cruel and hateful in others. Too Bavarian and too Prussian at the same time. So, the real guilty one was Prussia.
The article here discussed is : COLBERT, LA DETTE PUBLIQUE ET LA HAUTE ROBE PARISIENNE, Robert Descimon, Annuaire-Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de France, 2015
What a pleasure to watch this roundtable. I've gorged on both of John's Yale Open courses. What a lecturer!! Seems like he was equally beloved as a colleague, friend and father.
Clark: 'the First World War is not a James Bond movie that has a villain in a smoker's jacket, stroking a white cat with a prosthetic hand' Question: yes yes yes, but...its all germanys fault, n'est pas? 😂
it's very very boring the way prof. Clark tells it. Mensch sind Sie doch aber ein lang. weiliger Sprecher Herr. dr. Clark. Plus all the itmes we've already seen appear on our plates , multiple times.
The Robespierre "problem" is actually fairly simple: Revolutionaries often collapse into their own desire for "perfection of the revolution." This demand for perfection usually results in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of innocent people. George Orwell understood perfectly. Alexander Solzhenitsyn also understood. Eventually the Revolution will consume the authors of it. It remains utterly ironic that Max experienced a very similar end to his life as the King he executed, in that Max's L jaw was shot away, and the King was so obese that the blade cut through his jaw at an angle. They were "brothers" of the Guillotine. Sanjosemike (no longer in CA) Retired surgeon
