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Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.[2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe many systems that classical physics cannot. Classical physics can describe many aspects of nature at an ordinary (macroscopic and (optical) microscopic) scale, but is not sufficient for describing them at very small submicroscopic (atomic and subatomic) scales. Most theories in classical physics can be derived from quantum mechanics as an approximation valid at large (macroscopic/microscopic) scale.[3] Quantum systems have bound states that are quantized to discrete values of energy, momentum, angular momentum, and other quantities, in contrast to classical systems where these quantities can be measured continuously. Measurements of quantum systems show characteristics of both particles and waves (wave-particle duality), and there are limits to how accurately the value of a physical quantity can be predicted prior to its measurement, given a complete set of initial conditions (the uncertainty principle). Quantum mechanics arose gradually from theories to explain observations that could not be reconciled with classical physics, such as Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation problem, and the correspondence between energy and frequency in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, which explained the photoelectric effect. These early attempts to understand microscopic phenomena, now known as the "old quantum theory", led to the full development of quantum mechanics in the mid-1920s by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac and others. The modern theory is formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms. In one of them, a mathematical entity called the wave function provides information, in the form of probability amplitudes, about what measurements of a particle's energy, momentum, and other physical properties may yield. Overview and fundamental concepts Quantum mechanics allows the calculation of properties and behaviour of physical systems. It is typically applied to microscopic systems: molecules, atoms and sub-atomic particles. It has been demonstrated to hold for complex molecules with thousands of atoms,[4] but its application to human beings raises philosophical problems, such as Wigner's friend, and its application to the universe as a whole remains speculative.[5] Predictions of quantum mechanics have been verified experimentally to an extremely high degree of accuracy. For example, the refinement of quantum mechanics for the interaction of light and matter, known as quantum electrodynamics (QED), has been shown to agree with experiment to within 1 part in 1012 when predicting the magnetic properties of an electron.[6] A fundamental feature of the theory is that it usually cannot predict with certainty what will happen, but only give probabilities. Mathematically, a probability is found by taking the square of the absolute value of a complex number, known as a probability amplitude. This is known as the Born rule, named after physicist Max Born. For example, a quantum particle like an electron can be described by a wave function, which associates to each point in space a probability amplitude. Applying the Born rule to these amplitudes gives a probability density function for the position that the electron will be found to have when an experiment is performed to measure it. This is the best the theory can do; it cannot say for certain where the electron will be found. The Schrödinger equation relates the collection of probability amplitudes that pertain to one moment of time to the collection of probability amplitudes that pertain to another.[7]: 67-87 One consequence of the mathematical rules of quantum mechanics is a tradeoff in predictability between different measurable quantities. The most famous form of this uncertainty principle says that no matter how a quantum particle is prepared or how carefully experiments upon it are arranged, it is impossible to have a precise prediction for a measurement of its position and also at the same time for a measurement of its momentum.[7]: 427-435 Another consequence of the mathematical rules of quantum mechanics is the phenomenon of quantum interference, which is often illustrated with the double-slit experiment. In the basic version of this experiment, a coherent light source, such as a laser beam, illuminates a plate pierced by two parallel slits, and the light passing through the slits is observed on a screen behind the plate.[8]: 102-111 [2]: 1.1-1.8 The wave nature of light causes the light waves passing through the two slits to interfere, producing bright and dark bands on the screen - a result that would not be expected if light consisted of classical particles.[8] However, the light is always found to be absorbed at the screen at discrete points, as individual particles rather than waves; the interference pattern appears via the varying density of these particle hits on the screen. Furthermore, versions of the experiment that include detectors at the slits find that each detected photon passes through one slit (as would a classical particle), and not through both slits (as would a wave).[8]: 109 [9][10] However, such experiments demonstrate that particles do not form the interference pattern if one detects which slit they pass through. This behavior is known as wave-particle duality. In addition to light, electrons, atoms, and molecules are all found to exhibit the same dual behavior when fired towards a double slit.[2] Another non-classical phenomenon predicted by quantum mechanics is quantum tunnelling: a particle that goes up against a potential barrier can cross it, even if its kinetic energy is smaller than the maximum of the potential.[11] In classical mechanics this particle would be trapped. Quantum tunnelling has several important consequences, enabling radioactive decay, nuclear fusion in stars, and applications such as scanning tunnelling microscopy,tunnel diode and tunnel field-effect transistor.[12][13]
I’ve got a question Imagine a theoretical phone that can communicate and use FaceTime with anyone no matter the distance, now imagine 2 guys using that phone, they are FaceTiming each other, one guy is on earth and the other guy is orbiting a black hole in a distance that time dilation is very strong,what will the other guy on earth see?
If a viable alternative to planes came along to complete with the airline industry, I bet they'd be less inclined to make all these excuses and suddenly figure out how to incorporate all of these backup implementations **including** better plane engineering.
I have a weird question I think the terminology is the thing messing me up. If you have one train going one direction at the speed of light and another going the opposite direction at the same speed and a clock in one of their paths. They would be going twice the speed of light with respect to each other. So time would still pass for them at the same rate though correct? since even though they are traveling in opposite directions they are traveling at the same velocity? With the one approaching the clock it would still be experiencing time slower until it reaches the clock right and not faster? Also is 2x the speed of light that two objects can be with respect to each other theoretically?
it's not the best visual since the train has to move at c. and time would stop, and they wouldn't see anything moving. the stationary observer would measure their closing speed as 2c, each one at c.
Don't know about other countries but in England they us granite for ballast which is no regular stone but in fact one of the most strongest bedrock stones.
It is not possible to have such precise entangled clocks in different parts of the world that are linked together. Gravity varies slightly from location to location in different parts of the earth surface due to density of the crust, elevation, and several other factors. Such precise clocks would always be out of sync with each other due to gravity anomalies..
I'm confused by how "superposition" is different from "we don't know because we haven't measured it yet". The second case just means that while we know how two variables are related to each other in a rigid way (if one is a hot dog, the other is decidedly a hamburger, and vice versa), we just don't know which is which yet - but they're always that, not a combination of the two. Nobody seems to show that when we use entangled particles in a two slit experiment, performing measurements on one affects the other - in the RU-vid videos I've seen so far.
Quantum superposition's information traveling instantaneous bothered Einstein do much that he renamed it, Spooky Action at a Distance (or S.A.D.) 😏😢 Just saying, 🤷🏻♂️
It’s the amps that kill but you need a high voltage to overcome your skin’s resistance. So low voltage high amperage can burn you but it won’t shock you.
