Welcome! These are recorded lectures for Immunology, an advanced undergraduate course offered online through the UCSD Extension School. This course is designed for undergraduate students with a background in biology, including introductory courses in cell biology and genetics. These lectures should also be accessible to graduate students or scientists who want to learn about basic principles of immunology. Note that these lectures are accompanied by reading assignments in Janeway's Immunobiology, 9th Ed. (ISBN: 978-0-815-34505-3).
If you are interested in enrolling in this online course for credit, please see the following UCSD Extension School site: extension.ucsd.edu/courses-and-programs/applied-immunology
I received a PhD in Immunology from the University of Washington in 2019, and am currently a postdoctoral research fellow at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.
I couldn't find an answer why even with perfect matched MHC there's chronic rejection of graft. Now I understand that besides major HCs there are also minor ones. Thank you so much
I have been looking for a video explanation of the T Cell activation processes as clear as this for the last 7 years. My son was born with ORAI1 deficiency and passed away in 2017. I knew what went wrong and could explain to someone who had no idea, but i wanted to know exactly where in the activation process it went wrong. Thank you. Amazing that through all the genetic coding that goes in to one human being, all it takes is the substitution of 1 letter twice in one gene to catastrophically collapse it all. . .
I am writing to express my deepest gratitude for the immunology videos you have created and shared with the world. As a learner, I have found them to be incredibly fundamental to my understanding and appreciation of immunology. Your ability to simplify complex concepts and engagingly present them has made a significant difference in my learning journey. The depth and breadth of your knowledge, as well as your passion for the subject, shine through in each video. Your work has not only enriched my knowledge but also sparked a deeper interest in immunology. It is individuals like you who make learning accessible and enjoyable for many of us, and for that, I am truly grateful. Please continue to share your expertise and passion with the world. Your contributions are making a difference in ways you may not even realize. Thank you once again for your invaluable work.
doctor Snyder, I'm so grateful to you for this comprehensive course , but I wish to learn about immune response and cascade reactions of it at both cell & humoral mediated immunity in more details .
Hi Annelise... wonderful video.. I finally understand, I think... but I have a question. If you have a mouse model with a floxed gene and a Cre under the K18 promoter... what is the proper control mouse to use? Is it a wildtype mouse? Or a heterozygote mouse that has the Cre under the K18 promoter and an empty LxP cassette? Not sure... please help..
The TCR subunits-alpha, beta, gamma, and delta-pair to form two distinct types of TCRs: alpha-beta (αβ) and gamma-delta (γδ). The alpha (α) and beta (β) chains pair to form the αβ TCR, which is the most common type and primarily recognizes peptide antigens presented by MHC molecules. The gamma (γ) and delta (δ) chains pair to form the γδ TCR, which recognizes a broader range of antigens, including non-peptide antigens, and is less dependent on MHC. αβ T cells are mainly involved in adaptive immune responses, while γδ T cells often play a role in innate immunity and tissue surveillance.
@@azca. That means that gamma delta works more with the innate immune system, Natural killer cells and eosinophilis? Does gamma delta t cell works in our mucosal barrier?
"CD3s+ with CD8+ and anti-TCR gamma-delta+" indicates a T cell that expresses the CD3 complex, which is present on all T cells, along with the CD8 co-receptor, typically found on cytotoxic T cells. The "anti-TCR gamma-delta+" part means this T cell expresses the gamma-delta (γδ) T-cell receptor, which is less common and is involved in recognizing a broader range of antigens. "CD3s+, CD4-, CD8-, and anti-TCR gamma-delta-" describes a T cell that also expresses the CD3 complex but lacks both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors, making it a double-negative T cell. The "anti-TCR gamma-delta-" part means this T cell does not have the gamma-delta TCR, indicating it likely expresses the more common alpha-beta (αβ) TCR instead.
@@azca. Brother I love you for your answer. I have celiac disease and I was diagnosed as a non responsive celiac disease 2 years ago and I was pretty scared. I had a 50% of TCR gamma delta + and gamma delta - based on my 4th histological finding. Are the gamma delta double negative the expression of the lenght of the disease ? I was not able to produce any IgA antibodies apparently, and unfortunately few celiacs are going through this struggles. Since gamma delta t cell are not well studied yet, what change the TCR "polarity" ?
why is there only one CDR primarly involved in antigen binding for TCRs whereas the CDRs in Antibodies are all equally equivalent in regards to antigen binding?
In TCRs, CDR 3 is primarily involved in antigen binding because it directly interacts with the peptide presented by the MHC molecule, which is the main focus of TCR recognition. CDR1 and CDR2 regions mainly contact the MHC itself, rather than the peptide. In contrast, antibodies bind directly to free antigens, allowing all six CDRs (three from each of the heavy and light chains) to equally contribute to diverse antigen interactions.
Hi! Thank you for your videos. Just wanted to point out that kinases attach phosphate groups from ATP as opposed from free phosphate. Phosphorylases are the one that utilize free phosphate.
is it possible that excessive antigen exposure lead to the allergy epidemic? We think of our environment as "clean" but its not. Maybe the modern home is full of certain antigens like bed bug antigens, mold, and some microbiota that differs from a more "natural" habitat Could it be a matter of evolutionary imcompatibility?
I appreciate for your lectures Annelise Snyder. Would you please make a big playlist explaining Testosterone replacement therapy for men at molecular knowledge and how to come off of it
Will be interesting to see if TCR can detect difference in epitopes at subatomic levels like replacing the H with deuterium or changing the stereochemistry of amino acids. GPCR for olfaction in drosophila can do that. If TCR can do it, this opens up a new field of research for autoimmunity. Damn I need funding for this project.! Btw should have included kinetic segregation model.
That is an interesting thought but not likely to happen, since the criteria of the two receptors to interact with their respective ligands are quite different. Also, one must consider the huge difference in the size and nature of the ligands that these two receptors detect. And changing the epitopes on such subatomic levels may at best influence the TCR's affinity for the epitope itself but even that would require the change to be significant enough.
