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Not loving the term "normal physiology" as it pertains to sex development. The mesonephric ducts dont fully disappear during the feminization cascade, and neither do the paramesonephric ducts in the masculinization process, even in what is considered "normal." We routinely find remnants. Not to mention the fact that its that kind of binary talk that leads people to believe biological sex is somehow binary when at best its a spectrum with continuity even beyond the two poles that would be considered male or female. Its possible you mentioned at the beginning and I missed it, that youd be using that kind of language for simlicity sake, or clarity, and I missed it. Modern Humans exist as a snapshot of a single species in evolutionary time. At some point all humans had dark skin, to modulate UV rays for folate v vitamin d v cancer. Then due to a mutation lowering expression of melanin, some people were born with lighter skin and surely people thought THEY were abnormal. But its just how skin color evolved. We cant say anything different for the various branching pathways thay occur in different sex development. They are normal variants, all be it less common, but they exist as a possible presentation of our species. Gential ambiguity occurs in around 1.7% of live births, which accounts JUST for the babies born that cant be immediately placed in one catergory or another based on appearance. A system which is destined to fail. For example: 70% of babies born with 17B deficiency (CAH) will go on to develop male gender identity. As will 50% of 5 alpha reductase. So how many babies get forced into a category they dont fit into? How many phenotypical women are living as completely female, have a Y chromosome with a non functional SRY gene (a lot most likely)? Biology is messy. There is no normal when it comes to sexual development. 2% of the world has green eyes. Only slightly more than people born with ambiguous genitalia. Look at how often hypospadias occurs. Hypospadias by definition is the masculinization process not completing. So should we include that as abnormal? Maybe try the word typical, thats what I had to start using. Also: you literally JUST said SRY is required to develop male, and then later said Y chromosome is male. Both of those are untrue. SRY is most often located on the Y chromosome, but not always, which is why in some patients we need to do FISH to locate the SRY gene, because it can translocate to different chromosomes during crossing over of spermatogenesis. Eg the sperm is carrying a haploid compliment, with an X chromosome...but the SRY gene is present in another spot. Then the point about it being required is also false. We know that prior to the current SRY gene, there were multiple precursor SRY genes like some of yhe FOX genes that can actually mostly complete the process on their own without SRY. SRY is just essentially the start signal...but the stRt signal can come from ither genes. Just like the presence of SRY doesnt mean male always. This why people saying "x or y thats the only options" means they havent studied past high school.
thank you for explaining this topic so easily, wow I just cant believe that someone can explain such hard topic with this detail, thanks again and wish you all the best.
Good presentation. Clear illustrations, Adequate Explanation. Addition: 1. Its good to mention that the Intercalated Cells diagram refers to the Distal Convoluted Tubules (DCT). 2. Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) causes low blood bicarbonate (HCO3) but RTA (proximal type) type 2 causes low Urine PH ,<5.5, meanwhile RTA (distal type) type 1 causes NOT very low PH, >5.5.
I don't normally comment,but I just have to do so. I really appreciate you for this. Would like to have the same understanding some day... Would love if you could also do a video in respect to the outer cell layer, the one that leads to development of placenta
Probably the best video explaining how to check for lumps! It’s likely that you will need an ultrasound if you are under 40 though. (Dense to extremely dense breast tissues under 45 yo)
