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The Buddha (also known as Siddhattha Gotama or Siddhārtha Gautama or
Buddha Shakyamuni) was a philosopher, mendicant, meditator, spiritual
teacher, and religious leader who lived in ancient India (c.5th to 4th
century BCE). He is revered as the founder of the world religion of
Buddhism, and worshipped by most Buddhist schools as the Enlightened
One who is believed to have transcended Karma and escaped the cycle of
birth and rebirth. He taught for around 45 years and built a large
following, both monastic and lay. His teaching is based on his insight
into duḥkha (typically translated as "suffering") and the end of dukkha
-the state called Nibbāna or Nirvana.
The Buddha was born into an aristocratic family in the Shakya clan but eventually renounced lay life. According to Buddhist tradition, after several
years of mendicancy, meditation, and asceticism, he awakened to understand the mechanism which keeps people trapped in the cycle of rebirth. The Buddha
then traveled throughout the Ganges plain teaching and building a religious community. The Buddha taught a middle way between sensual indulgence and
the severe asceticism found in the Indian śramaṇa movement.He taught a spiritual path that included ethical training and meditative practices such as
jhana and mindfulness. The Buddha also critiqued the practices of Brahmin priests, such as animal sacrifice.
A couple of centuries after his death he came to be known by the title Buddha, which means "Awakened One" or "Enlightened One".Gautama's teachings were
compiled by the Buddhist community in the Suttas, which contain his discourses, and the Vinaya, his codes for monastic practice. These were passed down
in Middle-Indo Aryan dialects through an oral tradition.Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as Abhidharma,
biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about the Buddha's past lives known as Jataka tales, and additional discourses, i.e. the Mahayana sutras.
7 сен 2024
