10. Introduction to Neuroscience I 

Agree. 😂

He’s in the back of the classroom. He told us in the next lecture or so

this is a great comment, but honestly a lot of these grad students' lecture styles also seem imprinted on Sapolsky, too!

This comment made me lol😂

@@carlosandres7006 so you came back from the future to tell us!

recovERed gamER Super cool. Good luck. Have a nice day.

What helped you stay clean? I'm curious

@@blackjack2770 Im guesssing probably by gaining an new/deeper understanding of how one can better themselves with an understanding of how their mind works and will react to certain decisions and/or environments, but uh, thats just speculation, wont really know till "men with ven" replies

Gratitude was the key

great to know , there are more objective people. even i have trouble reading any self help (all of them sound outright BS) rather understanding brain helps us control our behaviour way better.

In fact, this expression is a mind trap. I often use it during my teachings. If you say " don't memorise it" your brain makes the opposite.

Rosemary Rainer reverse psychology

@Avo Danielian You're an over-thinker, I think haha

@@arbenhajri1212 Oh no, no wonder I always did poorly in those classes where the teacher often says you don't have to memorize something.

@@btsjiminface That happened to you (you did poorly) because you took seriosly what they (teachers) said to you. It's your main aim to be receptive at what is taught in the classroom. Random students are asked to memorise, so they are habituated of the quest. This repetitive quest makes them dull of attention. So to keep attention alert you have to do the oppossite.

J.C. Palmer 🤗🌻🌸🍃😊

Way to go, man, keep those marks up for sure in your high school year. I think that's crazy you already have a specific science field chosen at your age! :)

Stanford has an online high school

weird flex, but ok

same.

A lot of universities will let you audit classes for free if you are interested in other subjects. I get your point though, this class is a lot higher caliber than an average university course.

Like a person with adhd, what you learn is optimally useless. If it isn’t in depth and has a degree attached to it for jobs to accept you.

Yay!:)

This same class at ASU would have been like $1,300 for the semester.

Not really

+XephreWolf It's pretty amazing isn't it! It lets you learn your whole life through.

Yes, thanks for saying that. One of the most common misconceptions out there is that the internet and social media is unfavorable to our acquisition knowledge because it doesn't teach us about different subjects the way that books do; but the reality of it is that if one knows how to utilize social media and what to search for on the web one can learn just as much due to its variety of information. One just has to know what to avoid

PearlyWhites It's wonderful

Probably my favourite thing about the internet

PearlyWhites so true! I live in France, but I have attended classes at Cambridge, Oxford, McGill, almost ever Ivy League school, Stanford and a few more. Recently, I was explaining quantum mechanics to some friends at dinner, when I was ask, "How do you know all of this?" I told them, "I studied Physics at ETH Zürich!" I paused and then added "On RU-vid!" 😉

if you use your imagination the slides can look however you want them to look

agreed

write to him x

That's what you need to pay for

Lies again? NS Meds

***** Yeah, exactly haha Sapolsky is genuinely funny. I guess with time they will get better, or maybe not, but it's too soon to say they are bad lecturers.

***** It sounds like they lack the capacity for political-incorrectness as an adaptation to their consistently-offended environment, which is to say that they're afraid to branch into what will actually make people laugh because they will be bullied by social justice warriors. Politically-correct comedy is as worthless in its effect as getting a blowjob from a skeleton, and the only people it works for have done so much time in the church basement that they've developed the superpower to laugh at it-- whereas a mosque basement would be more somber due to the explosive manuals. My suggestion to politically-incorrect teachers is that if you have irrational hate mobs forming around you, accept that you might get shot by a woman with an inferior brain, and carry the bigger mattress.

Natália Castelo

Natália, tu é brasileira?

#StupidRelatesToStupid

"Since then, we've discovered that meerkats can actually fly, and they've just been sticking to the ground the whole time we've been studying them in order to fuck with us."

ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-qPix_X-9t7E.html

Man... This comment came out 3 years ago.... I can only imagine how much niraj knows about the new advances

​@@ErikAsRoYa Man... This comment came out 4 months ago.... I can only imagine how much Erik knows about the new advances that have been made with that time...

@@HR-eb4vs Man... This comment came out 2 weeks ago... I can only imagine how soon the next comment will be...

Same here! Except I am a sophomore haha. This is such an informational video and I'm so happy I took the time to watch this!

HS is wasting time. 1st year high school students are capable of walking into first year university courses on these topics and passing, before continuing on etc.. HS seems like an awfully inefficient pathway to higher education. Scrap it and sign up to university today.

@@mattw3340 100% AGREE. I say this all the time.

@@mattw3340 it isn't all about the knowledge itself, as children nearly anyone can easily learn multivariable calculus fairly early, lower level schools are supposed to form the foundation of your general knowledge.

Truly Fave same but I’m a 7th grader oops lol

I'm a sophomore at Cherry Creek High and neuroscience amazes me too.

I'm a stoner dropout and I'm also interested in smoking out of braincases

So am I, although I'd prefer to specialize in neuroscience's role in behavior rather than simply brain processes.

Great goal! I agree it's fascinating.

Gabriel De La Torre same. I think I'd love to do neurosurgery

haha I wonder if the real Wutang clan ever saw it

SAME

1 of the high points of my day 😂

for me it means that you just need to understand the process but the naming isn't important

Thanks man

This video is 10 years

what are. some examples of dopamine agonists? and what foods have the dopamine agonists or the food combinations have atoms or molecules that make up Dopamine agonists? let food be thy medicine.

what are. some examples of dopamine agonists? and what foods have the dopamine agonists or the food combinations have atoms or molecules that make up Dopamine agonists? let food be thy medicine.

@@jeffjohnson8624 I'm no expert, but as far as I know any food which has a big impact on dopamine (e.g. coca) quickly gets classified as a drug. It's a powerful subsystem to try to mess with on purpose.

What are you doing now ??

All my centers, are you with me? Where you at? In the front, in the back, cortical lobes on attack All my centers, are you with me? Where you at? Smokin' brains, hittin' cats, on the block, with the facts

I know that was random af

Their mixtape would be FIREEEEEEE... ING MY DOPAMINE RECEPTORS.

Now stuck in my head, "Open Open, Close Close" lol

Rap battle for extra credit 😂

+Sable Martino Accomplished neuroscientists actually will tell you that brains exist for movement. Some of human movement is actually imagined and social.(You've heard Sapolsky say "strategic", which is related to intentional.) So, although Edison an engineer, said that quote it is as if you said the function of a car is to carry an engine around. Pretty incorrect, with a more correct analogy, eh? I have tried to tell people in speaking about brain function, that the brain is the body. Every sense, every motor action is the brain acting.However, neuronal sensing is not limited to the body - sound, light, , molecules that olfactory and vomeronasal catchers influence action potentials, and even the wind blowing your hair, make your brain extend out to your sight limits and beyond. Nothing occurs within your cellular world is unknown to your brain, so they - cells - transmit as well, if only through their numbers or chemical output. Not different than what a terminal button does. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are even produced (the molecules have other uses) by bacteria (gut bacteria is a relatively new area of study. Serotonin is just one group) and plants, as those who smoke any substance found. It (drug use) was a source for MANY neurotransmitter discoveries, although the use was largely of analogues. Alcohol affects some receptors, so it also makes you cease production of enough of your own, and creates a kind of desire for connection with it, so, some of your brains also include bottled crap way out there in your environment. (people drink alcohol to forget, and they generally get their wish, though far more permanently than they intended. consistent use of just about any exogenous neurotransmitter analogue pretty much dumbs down the brain - after all a joke about alcohol having to do with its inhabiting glutamate and GABA receptors, is that you think VERY clearly about Nothing - all puns intended.

@@briseboy Every statement ever made about the importance of the brain was created by a brain, so you should always take that assertion with a grain of salt.

+Chaka Caca :)))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Synapsception

Action potential going crazy

Consider the following: With so many brain cells and brain cell interconnections, how exactly does the brain even think a coherent thought? How does the energy signal 'know' where to flow? Obviously it does, but how exactly does it do it? For example, spread the brain out like a map. The towns and cities represent the brain cells and the roads and highways represent the interconnections between those brain cells. A vehicle traveling between one or more towns and/or cities represents a coherent thought. How exactly does the 'unconscious' vehicle 'know' what path to take to complete a specific journey? A higher intelligence would have to tell the unconscious vehicle what path to take to complete a specific journey. But, that is a 'specific journey' or coherent thought in and of itself. So, how exactly does our brain think a coherent thought before it thinks that coherent thought? How exactly do thoughts think? What is the specific 'higher intelligence' that controls the 'unconscious vehicle' or energy signal to follow a certain path in the brain to achieve a specific journey or thought? Consider also, that at every intersection or juncture, something would have to control the chemical flow between the neurons to have the energy signal flow a certain way. I once heard it said that as the energy flows in the brain, it strengthens that connection, kind of like water flowing down a hill due to gravity. But then, why isn't the brain stuck on thinking only the same thought over and over and over again as each time that thought is thought, it would ingrain that thought deeper into the brain? But obviously, that is not how reality appears to be. Or at least from my side of my 'consciousness' that I am supposedly experiencing. You might be experiencing reality differently than I, assuming of course that 'you' and 'I' even actually exist. It's possible that only 'I' exist and you all are just a figment of my imagination. I don't perceive reality to be that way, but then again, how could I ever truly know for sure? And for 'you', do 'I' even actually exist or am 'I' just a figment of your imagination? Or then again, maybe there is a 'higher intelligence' imagining both of us imagining each other? But also, 'if' there is a 'higher intelligence' behind the very thoughts I think, that thinks the very thoughts before I think them, then do I even have my own thoughts and own freewill? How could I if I couldn't even think my own thoughts? And if the 'higher intelligence' is a part of my own brain, (let's say my sub-conscious mind or even unconscious mind), then how exactly does it think thoughts before my conscious mind thinks those thoughts? And if those thoughts can already be thought before I consciously think them, then why even have a consciousness that can think thoughts? Obviously, thoughts could be thought somehow, someway, without all those pesky neurons and interconnections getting in the way cluttering up the map. So, how exactly do thoughts think? Do I even think my own thoughts? What exactly is the 'higher intelligence' that thinks my thoughts before 'I' think those thoughts? Do 'I' even actually exist to even think my own thoughts? If so, then how does it all work. Tell me your thoughts, if in fact you actually exist and even actually have your own thoughts to think and could convey those thoughts to my thoughts. At least so I currently think, if I even actually exist and am thinking these thoughts that I appear to be thinking.

How does it compare to a typical microprocessor (where the number of transistors may substitute for synapses)?

did you end up pursuing neuro? im a hs sophomore currently :)

@@tasmiahakter8366 did u pursue neuroscience in the end? i’m debating still as a sophomore myself

@@kaiyanechouldjian1473 I did! I feel pretty confident that even if I don’t end up in medicine or as a scientific researcher, I’ll always be doing something neuro related (like a public health program) in the future. Tbh, these videos changed my life. I recommend taking extra courses on psych or neuro topics to confirm if this is what you wanna do. I honestly haven’t looked at life the same since getting into neuro (in a good way). Best of luck to you on your journey :)

How has it been for you ma'am! I'm hoping you're now a neuroscience major!

+Benny Palma very much agreed

lol

Jilaena Freitas Good on you! It’s a very exciting field to be in:)

So how could intelligence be measured or characterized? Same number of neurons but more connections? More/ less mutations on connections? Or a mutated/defective transmitter treating a less effective protein?

@@4philipp I would guess that you can't measure intelligence without observing higher level behaviour. A neuron connection is only 'intelligent' if it produces greater awareness and understanding in the brain it belongs to. Random and insignficant connections would be of no benefit to a being's intelligence so measuring the number of neurons and/or connections seems like a tangential at best indication. There are some parallels here to machine learning studies, more neurons or connections don't lead to good outcomes for neural nets when the training data is bad or the model for understanding it is flawed. There's some interesting philosophical ground to cover in order to unite the concept of biological intelligence with AIs. I imagine a brain which forms connections too indiscriminately would percieve the world like someone who has taken a heavy dose of hallucinogens, perhaps capable of extremely novel ideas, but rarely useful ones. I'm totally unqualified to talk to either point though, so I welcome any corrections!

ya understandable studying and memorizing are 2 different things

herauthon four it is called Gut Brain axis

Undercover Diatom There have been cases where extreme mental handicaps and severe emotional issues in children and adults have been cured simply by simply rebalancing gut bacteria and removing allergens in the diet.

That is nutrients, without them nothing, including the brain wouldn't work. They don't control the brain directly, it makes sense that some people's brains may be suffering because of incorrect gut stuff but it doesn't control it.

Presentation tanked at the out-of-place video. Great for middle school, maybe. Could have mentioned how close GABA Is to glutamate in structure, differing by one carboxyl group, which makes sense to have the most 'gas' and 'brake' to counter it.

Interesting thought! Would there be any other factors? I'm curious.

Well a chicken can fly.Water has always been here.We should be asking ourselves why do they fly

Truster why do some cross it slow, and some quick?

As we all know a chicken is just a chicken egg's method for producing another chicken egg, thus all chicken behavior is chicken egg production related.

@@Psychol-Snooper then there is only one conclusion why the chicken crossed the road : the 4 F’s …Food, Nesting, Breeding

Most people are coming to these videos from academicearth.org. You can find more courses and lectures there for free. If you can follow a lecture like this at your age, then I encourage you to pursue more, because the material taught at your grade level in public school isn't going to challenge you. When I was your age, this kind of material wasn't available online (the internet was still kinda new), so I was stuck "waiting" to learn things that interested me. Always take advantage of every resource available to you.

jjk I'm also 13, but I'm already enrolled in online university courses, so this is all basic stuff.

I'm totally with you on that! I've learned much more by reading, watching things like this around the internet or on something like UCSDTV/UCTV than I ever learned in school. One reason for this is probably because I've always started out reading or watching out of pleasure/curiosity (or both) and it wasn't something "shoved down my throat" as well as it not being the typical interchangeable curricula (interchangeable w/every school system in US), which is basically teaching one to be a "good consumer", a "productive member of society", even though there is ONE avenue I really wish now that I had more vigorously pursued back in school (elem & HS): mathematics. Arithmetic, of course is very simple, it, like all math, is just pure logic (2+2 HAVE to equal 4, any other answer would make no sense, right? One could say the same about any other basic artith. prob: 100/4 HAS to equal 25, anything else would be counter to all common sense & even nature). I wish I had really worked hard at both algebra (harder, at least) and really nailed geometry, but even more so is that I wish I had learned calculus & trigonometry since I've discovered so many disciplines in which a basic knowledge of the latter 2 are essential for understanding or providing/understanding "proofs" of some specific statement, some "given" (though it may be actually be a widely accepted "theory" like gravity or evolution or many climate science ideas, though the latter has a lot less theoretical modes to it & more pure science stuff that is not controversial but universally acknowledged) and you fucking christians: don't say a goddamn word about evolution being "wrong" just cuz you believe in some fairy tale "god" who really did the work; anything you say is going to be pure bullshit; so keep your pie holes shut!!! The rest of you, thanks for reading!

Kent Manthie I absolutely agree with what you have said, but the christian part was a bit harsh, don’t you think? And I don’t say that because I’m christian, but because I’m christian and also believe in science and scientific proofing. Why? Because I don’t think every word that’s written in the Bible is nothing but the truth. And I don’t have to. To me religion and science are to different things. Science is something that effects, rules and determines all lives an all things in space, whereas religion focuses on the individual in coherence with others. And that’s the thing, they both seek “truth” but their ”truths” are not congruent. That’s also why there can be different religions simultaneously and still give them, the believers, the right truth. But still everything else you said, I stand behind that. My perception might change, I don’t know, I’m only 18 but that’s my spin on things. Greetings from Germany :)

I'm a fetus, and I have a PhD in quantum physics.

Probably he means that brain recieves suboptimal signals all the time , so to elicit an action from a signal the signal must be strong enough to depolarise the neuron to start action potential.

If you poke someone lightly in a room full of people talking, you may not get much of a response. But if you stomp on someone’s foot, you are guaranteed to hear that person over the noise. Attention will be paid.

Lauren S Have you looked up neuropsychology before? I think it's really interesting because it bridges both worlds of psychology and neuroscience.

The study of Psychology and Neuroscience are identical.... some universities don't offer neuro degrees so you can do Psychology instead. Then you can apply to neuroscience PhD programs afterwards....Biology and Psychology majors are equally appropriate for grad school because when you study the brain you will end up studying mental processes and vice versa.