That amorphous ice we mentioned? It forms when water is cooled to its glass transition temperature (remember that from our Pop Rocks episode?) in milliseconds, meaning there’s not enough time for all these ordered structures we talked about to form. And it has multiple forms: low-density, high-density, and very-high-density! I love when chemists just add “very” to a name.
It's something that certain labs will make pretty frequently too. One often used way to immobilize biological structures for transmission electron microscopy is in amorphous ice! The two main reasons to use amorphous ice as opposed to normal ice are: 1) to keep crystals of ice from expanding and damaging what you're trying to look at, and 2) because if you used any form of crystalline ice your electrons would diffract off the planes in the crystal and make it impossible to see your specimen. I do transmission electron microscopy for my research, so I know a bit about this, but I work on ceramics not biological stuff. Maybe someone who does CryoTEM will swing through the comments!
I absolutely think that we need a video on amorphous ice in all of its forms! After learning everything in the video and reading what you wrote, how could we not make said video? 💁
@@realityChemist Yep! Cooling watery stuff rapidly enough is a big challenge. Small things are easy enough, but things like organs, rich people, or astronauts are too big for effective heat transfer. There are proteins found in plants and some other organisms that adsorb onto ice crystals and prevent them from growing. This may allow for easier vitrification... but now the challenge is getting that stuff into ALL of the needed cells. Liver and spleen tissues are suckers for endocytosis but RBCs, osteoblasts, neurons, etc., are much pickier. Getting a delivery mechanism that provides effective coverage for all cells yet doesn't stress other cells out so much they die would be very useful. Also, the idea of my bones being frozen somehow freaks me out more than the fact that they're currently wet.
It is the best video I have seen about ice phases. I knew they existed, but I was always curious aboit the structures. I ended with way more questions than answers.
We really need to know how many videos on ice phases you've seen. If it's one this compliment barely has meaning but if you've seen dozens then alright, we can talk.
@@ACSReactions lol, quite a few. Most of them were technical/courses. I guess the most similar to yours would be scishow's videos. But I am also including books and papers in my comparison. It is not my topic, so I didn't research it fully, but most introductory chemistry books just mention they exists, but don't go over their hierarchy and structures.
The title is what drew me to the video at first. Like, 74,963 types of ice? That's insane! But then as watched it more and more I became even more fascinated. Kudos to Alex and the team for making such a wonderful video! 👏🏻👍🏻
Always love an Alex video! I already do love weird ice, but I’m sure she could figure how to make a blank wall into a fun and interesting science video!
@@AlexDainisPhD Yay! How drywall puts out fires? Edit: I found a 25lb plate of gypsum crystals when I was in middle school. We tried cooking it to drive off the waters of hydration and see how long it took to absorb the water again. As of the last time I was home for the holidays... it's still opaque LOL.
1) Wonderful video. I love the tone you strike on this channel, it makes it so fun to watch! 2) i was waiting the WHOLE VIDEO for an ice-nine joke and i am SORELY DISAPPOINTED edit: I just looked closer at the pinboard. i am a fool
i can't believe that under this tremendous pressure, the bond between hydrogens and oxygen don't break down to just individual elements. But when we apply a little bit of electricity to water we can break the bond to separate them.
Dear diary…. When I was a kid, I asked my science teacher in grade 8 (who was great), why ice was less dense than water, which he readily explained using the crystalline structures. I wasn’t really equipped at the time to ask what I wanted to know, which more about the molecular properties that encourage crystallizing. Like, why does water get this insane property!? I kind of fell out of science in high school and barely squeaked into university to study economics. This is a 20 year old question that I forgot I needed answers to. Thanks, I loved it! Side note: who chose Roman numerals!!! One more thing, you know how electrons just kind of float around with statistical probability of being in an area? When these are crystallizing between like 0k and 273k, does the area probability function shrink down a lot so that they are much more predictable, is that a big part of the less entropy?
7:10 I do not understand a graph with kelvin as the temperature and negative pressures in Pa. negative pressure, is this hydrostatic tension? Thus you can only have negative pressure in solids? But then how can you have a solid ice in tension at 300 K? I clearly do not understand the top left part of this graph. But I do not understand the bottom left of the graph either. If you have ice at say 15k, and you a pulling from all sides of it with 500 MPa... Would that not make ice as strong as steel, and even stronger? What do the solid line vs the - - and the : line mean?
"The minus sign next to those atmospheres doesn't mean "less than nothing"; it's an arbitrary signifier denoting "in the direction opposite of positive." Solids have negative pressure when they pull in, like stretched rubber bands or springs. Liquids can have negative pressure in metastable states, when they resist turning to vapor." www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-physics-of-negative-pressure
Could any of this ices be theoretically pulled out of its apropriate for forming environment and set to our earth surface environment and keep its initial properties?
like omg, put some deuterons into the spaces of the lattice , so it will prep 'em all real good for fusion , and presto ,you have an easy answer to fusion. Is it really so simple? lol ! id use dipole fields to infuse the medium correctly
You cannot just throw such a number out there as clickbait! Where exactly did you get 74963 from? It'd be nice to here details! It's the title of the video, yet the whole video is about something else entirely!
A proton is a collection of 1836 expanding electrons and add a bouncing expanding electron makes a hydrogen atom. Understanding expanding electrons would add some clarity to this fabulous discussion. Details: “The Final Theory: Rethinking Our Scientific Legacy “,Mark McCutcheon. Removing ‘energy ‘ from water to get “ ice” is a violation of the ‘ law of the conservation of energy.’ See reference.
I wish you used a phase diagram with the temperature on the x-axis and pressure on the y-axis. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram I kept tilting my head to make sense of it all, hahaha. XD Also, what is negative pressure? o_O Is it the amount of pressure below 100 kPa? Has 100 kPa been made the zero mark for pressure?
@@willemvandebeek Pressure is force into a surfece divided by the area of that surface. If the force points the oppsite direction, the pressure on the surface is negative.
@@Quintinohthree I am afraid I have to disagree. Pressure can be high or it can be low, but pressure can never be negative and in your example the direction would then be negative, not the pressure. 😕
@@willemvandebeek Yes, that is in fact how things work. Force pushing into an area is positive pressure, force pulling on an area is negative pressure. Pressure cannot be negative in gasses, as gasses cannot pull but only push, but ice is not a gas, ice is a solid, water molecules pull on eachother and can therefore maintain negative pressures.
Yes, I would love to know more about amorphous ice!!! In fact, I'm working with amorphous ice every day. Our lab flash-freezes biological cells at rates over 1 million Kelvin per second (using liquid ethane) to obtain vitreously frozen samples. We then cut a thin slice out of our cells using a Gallium ion beam, and take many tilted images using a big electron microscope of that thin slab. Thus recreating a 3D "snapshot" of the living cell and its contents, teaching us a lot about how proteinaceous molecular machines create what we call "life". Amorphous ice is crucial, as the electrons in the microscope are otherwise diffracted by the ice crystals, totally messing with the electron signal. So we have to flash-freeze our samples, and importantly, keep them under -160° C at all times, to prevent crystal reformation! So I'm working with this stuff daily, yet I don't know anything about the details of amorphous ice. So I would love to hear more!! Cheers!!
Clathrin cages are also found in cells. Triskelion-shaped protein clathrin molecules bind together to cause cell membranes to invaginate to form vesicles or vacuoles inside cells.
I think that is a different molecule, but the logic is similar. A clathrate is any substance that can form structures with holes big enough so that other compounds can fit there.
Really glad that you guys made a vide on this! I just learned about the different kinds of ice, went on youtube to learn more, searched "all types of ice" and none of the videos recommended would talk about more than 1 or 2 types. This video on the other hand was very informative and definitely sated my curiosity. Thanks for making it!
@@AlexDainisPhD I wish this was talked about more, because phase diagrams in Chemistry class often vaguely point out water's unusual ability to have a lower freezing point at higher pressures... but then neglect the fact that said trend severely reverses at much higher pressures.
I have 1 cool ice fact or II. Ice doesn't melt at zero degrees C, and celsius is not defined by the melting temperature of water. This is because the kelvin scale was defined at two points: the absolute zero, and at the *triple point of water*. The latter being a point at 0.01 degrees C and at a very low pressure where solid, liquid and gaseous water can all co-exist in harmony. It so happens that around 1 bar or so atmospheric pressure, that ice melts around 0.0025 degres C if I'm not mistaken. Then, allow for impurities, say 21% O2 and 79% N2, then those impurities will suppress the melting temperature oh around 0.0024 degrees C or so, making ice melting very close, but not quite, zero degrees celsius. Furthermore, ice does not freeze near zero, really. The only reason it's anywhere close is because of impurities or 'nucleation sites', in a similar way that catalysts lower the activation energy required to kick off a chemical reaction. So, if you have pure water, in a nice smooth and clean container, it'll actually freeze around -40 degrees C. That is to say that the "homogeneous" freezing temperature of water is around -40 degrees C, at atmospheric pressure. This fact is very important to the aircraft designers and operators, who much deal with icing conditions, where supercooled droplets in the atmosphere tend to form hazardous ice instantaneously upon contact with the leading edge of aircraft wings and engines. Various technologies, chemical, mechanical, and thermal, are employed on different aircraft to fight the scourge of supercooled water. Now, the kelvin scale is defined using fixed physical constants such as Boltzmann constant and the joule, and doesn't require water to define itself. All 7 of the SI base units were eventually converted into universal constants and exact definitions back in 2019. For all practical purposes, for most people except the most ardent of precision metrologists, the celsius scale is essentially in the same place it's always been.
PLEASE READ TO THE END... I KNOW ANY GEEKS LIKE ME, WILL EITHER FELL MY OCD ASPERGERS PAIN... OR LAUGH.... XX Using, say Europa as our example. At an average density of 3.01 g/cm³, and a g of 1.315m/s². To then use earth pressure, gravity, and mass to equivicate the depth required for your über special Ice ( XYZ 1-🦇) to form on Europe. It is patentely false and misleading in nature. Equivalent to me getting a 1m diameter lead sphear (approx volume 0.5 m³) at a mass of 5,937.7kg. Then, to get a 0.245m diameter sphere, with a volume of 0.0616m³ , a mass of 47kg comparable to the density of pine or fur (Density (ρ) is calculated as: 𝜌=𝑚𝑉 ρ=Vm Substituting the given values: 𝜌=47 kg 0.0616m³ ≈ 762 kg/m³ ρ= 0.0616m ³ 47kg ≈762kg/m ³ Materials with a density close to 762 kg/m³ include: Softwood (Pine or Fir): These types of wood typically have densities ranging from 500 to 800 kg/m³, depending on moisture content and specific species. Expanded Polystyrene (High-Density EPS): This material can have densities up to about 800 kg/m³. Certain Plastics (Low-Density Polyethylene or LDPE): LDPE has a density range of approximately 750 to 940 kg/m³. Considering the density of 762 kg/m³ and the given mass and volume, the most likely substance within a ±2 kg range is probably a type of softwood like pine or fir. Now comparing that the (8.3cm depth aka 1000km equivalent) on the earth lead ball, at a diameter of 1m diameter. Apposed to Europa at a scale comparison, that would now be approx a (24.5cm / 0.245 m) diameter sphere at (0.0616m³) being the same 8.3cm depth. But now at 1000km ocean depth, which an ocean of such depth does not exist on europa that is 0.245 the size of Earth and 0.008 times as massive. Where you would no longer be in the sub-surface ocean, predicted to only extend to around 100km . But in fact, be way into the mantle. After all this, you should realise, and I am more than humbly happy to admit that I am actually wrong. spending over 3 hours doing the traditional math to work it all out... I can quite happily conclude my final findings. At approx 100km of ocean on europa, regardless of density, depth, gravity, volume, little green men, santa, and all the other stuff. I thought. "Hang on a minute?" She's right... I'm wrong... and actually enjoyed this escapade into a volumetricaly, numerically, scalable, physically, defined frozen hell scape.... I am glad to have been proven wrong... "With a sad, but also glad heart i decree..... My slide rule, pen, paper, and any other drawing implement that stuck its nose in too far in this endeavour. " They subsequently burst into the hellish flames to escape their torment they were put through.... Love you all and keep up the accurate math....... clearly more accurate science than me. ❤ oggy uk
How do you get negative pressures? Pressure is the force of the molecules divided by the area over which those molecules are exerting that force. If there are no molecules then the pressure is zero. Sometimes vacuum can be referred to as a negative pressure, but only relative to the pressure outside the evacuated volume.
Negative hydrostatic pressure is possible in liquids. Famously this happens in the xylem of trees. Veritasium did a video on that phenomenon although I don't think he went into a lot of detail.
Pressure is force pushing into a surface divided by the area of that surface, nothing to do with molecules or how many there are. I understand why you'd make tyat association, given the it's part of the ideal gas law that pressure is proportional to the amount of molecules in a volume, and thus their pressure cannot be zero or negative, but we're dealing with solids here, not gasses. Solids are cohesive, they hold together, you can pull on them and they'll pull back, whereas gasses can only be pushed. Thus you can get the situation where the force on a surface inside a solid faces away from the surface, not into it. That's negative pressure.
"The minus sign next to those atmospheres doesn't mean "less than nothing"; it's an arbitrary signifier denoting "in the direction opposite of positive." Solids have negative pressure when they pull in, like stretched rubber bands or springs. Liquids can have negative pressure in metastable states, when they resist turning to vapor." www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-physics-of-negative-pressure
