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A History of Western Architecture: Greece & Rome, Part I 

ClassicistORG
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Architectural historian Francis Morrone presents a two-part primer on the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, which inspired the design movement we now recognize as “classical architecture.”
This course is presented by the Institute of Classical Architecture & Art, a national nonprofit promoting the practice, understanding, and appreciation of classical design. To watch more online classes like this one, or to become a member and support our educational mission, visit www.classicist.org/ .
About the Course:
On May 13, 2020, the ICAA hosted the first in a series of two livestream courses with architectural historian Francis Morrone, with the goal to explore the basic history of Greek and Roman architecture, the development of the classical language of architecture, how the Romans transformed the Greek orders, and what it all meant for Western civilization going forward. Mr. Morrone discussed the development of the orders, temple architecture, the role of sculpture, the development of arch and vault construction, the triumphal arch, and more, with emphasis upon great monuments such as the Parthenon. In this video, Mr. Morrone focuses on the architecture of ancient Greece. Part II, focusing on the architecture of ancient Rome, is available here: • A History of Western A...
What You Will Learn:
• The roots of Western architecture in ancient Greece and Rome
• The major monuments and significant lesser works of ancient Greek and Roman architecture
• An understanding of the orders of classical architecture and the ways in which they have been creatively adapted
• The terminology of classical architecture, through examples drawn from ancient Greek and Roman architecture
• The legacy of ancient Greek and Roman architecture throughout the course of Western architecture--and not least in New York City
About the Instructor:
Francis Morrone is an architectural historian and a writer and the author of twelve books, including “Guide to New York City Urban Landscapes,” published by W.W. Norton in 2013) and, with Henry Hope Reed, “The New York Public Library: The Architecture and Decoration of the Stephen A. Schwarzman Building,” from W.W. Norton, 2011, as well as architectural guidebooks to Philadelphia and to Brooklyn. His “History of the East Village and Its Architecture” was published by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, through a grant from the Preservation League of New York State, in 2018. He is the recipient of the Arthur Ross Award of the Institute of Classical Architecture and Art, the Landmarks Lion Award of the Historic Districts Council, and New York University’s Excellence in Teaching Award. He was named by Travel and Leisure magazine as one of the thirteen best tour guides in the world. He was for six and a half years an art and architecture critic for the New York Sun, and his writings appear in such publications as the New Criterion, City Journal, the Wall Street Journal, Humanities, and the Hopkins Review. His research interests include nineteenth-century architecture, the history and theory of classical architecture, public sculpture, and Edith Wharton, and he was scheduled to deliver the keynote lecture at the Edith Wharton Society Conference in June 2020.
Sponsors:
The ICAA would like to thank our Lead Sponsor for Continuing Education courses, Uberto Construction.

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25 янв 2021

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Комментарии : 160   
@anthonylemkendorf3114
@anthonylemkendorf3114 3 года назад
The delivery of this lecture was full of genuine enthusiasm and wonderfully entertaining(edifying)as well.
@deadlymouse4936
@deadlymouse4936 3 года назад
couldn't have said it better.
@StrangerHappened
@StrangerHappened 2 года назад
I wish the lecture would include more about structural architecture, in terms of how the foundations were built, what was the weight of the stone blocks, how the sturdiness around windows and arches was achieved, what the roof material cover was, and so on.
@malachybyrne3333
@malachybyrne3333 2 года назад
What a fantastic lecture. Mr. Morrone does a wonderful job of combining a real depth of content with an engaging and well-paced delivery style. The high number of images and the attention to the nomenclature of architectural details in particular, make this one of the best presentations on classical architecture that I have ever seen.
@jonnymerry
@jonnymerry Год назад
Such a desceiptive indepth study of greek architecture! I love how it pulls my brain strings to want to learn more. Thank you for sharing.
@vancouverterry9142
@vancouverterry9142 2 года назад
Ah, such a great professor! Thank you, Sir! Your contribution is enormous!
@creestee08
@creestee08 3 года назад
thank you very much for giving us your time teaching us about classical arch. :)
@walterwally983
@walterwally983 Год назад
Wow! That was a GREAT introduction! Thank you! Looking forward to the next lecture 😀
@soulak6332
@soulak6332 3 года назад
Thank you for your expertise and time...great fundamental intro to antiquity...bless!
@coryfinnray48
@coryfinnray48 3 года назад
Interesting, thought provoking, knowledgeable while being personable and passionate. Very well done, exactly what I was looking for. Looking forward to watch your other lectures.
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Very well it already done
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Seen this before
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Very well done ✅
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Exactly
@garyolsen3409
@garyolsen3409 2 года назад
Thank you. A very interesting presentation and subject. I really enjoyed it.
@user-pp8xk8nw2p
@user-pp8xk8nw2p 3 года назад
So much more entertaining than I could have imagined
@jean-lucthebaud3964
@jean-lucthebaud3964 2 года назад
So much to see, so many wonderful renderings, Merci.
@gi8771
@gi8771 3 года назад
Thank you so much for these sessions! Awesome!
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Session
@js9430
@js9430 3 года назад
This was wonderful, thank you!
@kayharker712
@kayharker712 3 года назад
- All roads lead to Rome, or so they say. Not the A57. I drove along it the other day and ended up in Worksop.
@user-or9fs4sb5e
@user-or9fs4sb5e 5 месяцев назад
What an interesting lecture in the ancient world!!!!!!! Thanks for being so inspiring. I am studying Ancient Greek and Roman architecture at the University of Gothenburg and this inspires me further my studies. Thanks!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
@kimberlyperrotis8962
@kimberlyperrotis8962 2 года назад
I would love to see the Nashville Parthenon in person, I think it’s wonderful. I suppose people assume it is Disneyland-ish, but it isn’t, it’s a great architectural reproduction. What a great lecture, thanks. I will be watching them all!
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
I suppose people her
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
I would love to see the this Girl private one art pictures
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Architecture
@mclmg
@mclmg 3 года назад
This is highly educational. Thank you for this!
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
High school public
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Christian
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Rome empire
@thequietstag4366
@thequietstag4366 Год назад
@@gloriadouglas5968 what?
@schnoz2372
@schnoz2372 3 года назад
this is genuinely riveting
@designdiary4746
@designdiary4746 2 года назад
Amazing lecture! Thanks
@user-zm1uj5ye2q
@user-zm1uj5ye2q 3 года назад
Marvellous and excellent!
@dhm304100
@dhm304100 2 года назад
I loved your lecture and looking at all these beautiful pieces of art! They are a part of our heritage!
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Beautiful piece
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Art
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
They are part of our heritage
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
This girl is not lie about this
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
It coming
@inkpen9547
@inkpen9547 3 года назад
This was great! 👍
@vitoorvieeira
@vitoorvieeira 2 года назад
thank you for the great class master!
@inessatachen5617
@inessatachen5617 Год назад
Thank you for a wonderful lecture!
@RobbyHouseIV
@RobbyHouseIV Год назад
I definitely recommend visiting the Parthenon in Nashville if you ever get the chance. It's the closest thing you'll ever get to the real thing as it was prior to the Peloponnesian War. The latest update to the temple is the addition of the Pallas-Athena cult statue that was housed inside the temple for hundreds of years before either the Ostragoths carried it off in the 400s or the Christians eventually did away with when they began to gain influence around the same period of time. I wish some city would redo the Temple of Artemis/Cybele in Ephesus.
@banditcats6630
@banditcats6630 2 года назад
You are a great teacher!!!
@PapolloEsdrujula
@PapolloEsdrujula Год назад
Thank you so much, really helps!
@nataliac7716
@nataliac7716 2 года назад
This is a very entertaining lecture. Thanks for this material!
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Good entertainment
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Old time's
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Who mad
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Support teams
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
South African
@anthonypulle8039
@anthonypulle8039 3 года назад
Thank you Prof CLASSISTORG, for this most excellent lecture. Your slides are so revealing, your attention to detail so inspiring. You are on my CULTURAL HIT LIST. Thank you again. Anthony Pulle, Freiburg and Nerja
@paulhunter1525
@paulhunter1525 2 года назад
These designs are very common in many large American cities. This looks very much like main hall of Public Library in my home city, St Louis, Missouri
@plappin
@plappin 3 года назад
Excellent lecture!
@jonnymerry
@jonnymerry Год назад
I did not know about how the use of the central courtyard in greek homes was primarily for manual homesteading tasks such as livestock. etc. I asumed these were done outside the house. Where can i learn more about this specific topic?
@kimberlyperrotis8962
@kimberlyperrotis8962 2 года назад
Unfortunately, the small screen showing you speaking covers the labels in that corner. Perhaps you could close that screen just while discussing the labeled features on the slides, so that we will be able to hear you and see the labels, too.
@sophietessier8998
@sophietessier8998 Год назад
thanks you so much
@AntPDC
@AntPDC 8 месяцев назад
At 40:00, did you mean "petrification" rather than "trabeation", which refers solely to post and lintel construction?
@randomguy7818
@randomguy7818 2 года назад
Wonderful
@martinliehs2513
@martinliehs2513 2 года назад
Somehow, I got here by trying to explain the meaning of a "Trojan Horse" to my teenage son. We both enjoyed this informative and entertaining lecture.
@creestee08
@creestee08 3 года назад
its still understandable on 2x speed. nice.
@kimberlyperrotis8962
@kimberlyperrotis8962 2 года назад
The A in Greek (ancient or modern) is always that in cat, apple, hat, etc., not that of hay, play, stay, etc., nor the Latin A of father, papa. Unless it’s in a diphthong, of course, like AE/AI. So, entasis is correct, not en-tay-sis.
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Yes Greek ancient architecture
@fabbeyonddadancer
@fabbeyonddadancer 3 года назад
Have you done any on western American architecture pertaining to African Americans or Afro Caribbeans?
@kimberlyperrotis8962
@kimberlyperrotis8962 2 года назад
As this series is on classic European architecture, that’s probably outside of his area of expertise.
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Yes western American
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
@@kimberlyperrotis8962 right
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Caribbean
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
African American
@SoulEternalPeaceWarrior77
@SoulEternalPeaceWarrior77 3 года назад
Fantastic video! I've been trying to remember the name of this Roman temple I saw converted into a small church. I want to say it's in the Basilicata or Calabria region in the middle of the countryside, completely filled with white marble columns (even the alter) & very little artwork. I believe it was perfectly preserved 1st or 2nd Century AD classical design, almost no changes were done to it from antiquity on the inside. If anybody knows the name of it please let me know!!
@joegerich641
@joegerich641 3 года назад
I'm not a student of architecture but i really enjoyed your content. Makes me despise modern architecture even more so. Good job sir.
@philsawesomegaming8842
@philsawesomegaming8842 3 года назад
despise lol
@bobbertonsmivelton7019
@bobbertonsmivelton7019 2 года назад
Why?
@xv12commander
@xv12commander 3 года назад
1:30:00
@alfredtodd4434
@alfredtodd4434 3 года назад
Nice. Job. ! What would. Atlantis. Look. Like ?
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Heavy winds blow
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
MR.Johnson
@ChristopherMason19570202
@ChristopherMason19570202 3 года назад
That's not the Black Sea. That's the Sea of Marmara.
@AntPDC
@AntPDC 8 месяцев назад
Lord Elgin was not a "thief" - this is a political and highly-disputed statement, which has no place here. I mean, what about New York City's Met museum and its huge collection of Egyptian artefacts? Were they stolen too? One could say the same thing about the entire World's museums. Elgin bought the marbles fair and square from the Ottomans, and then saved them from further, inevitable ruin for posterity.
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Ms Thomas
@lshtar777
@lshtar777 2 года назад
Ancient buildings were made from wood... then they were petrified. Megalithic Mystery SOLVED.
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Ancient building
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Castle 🏰
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
ms.james
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Energy
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
📒📝
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
South Louisiana
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Lance
@SIC66SIC66
@SIC66SIC66 3 года назад
Great lecture!! But maybe next time dont sit next to a lighthouse ;)
@kimberlyperrotis8962
@kimberlyperrotis8962 2 года назад
As a Hellenic-American, I’m always putting in a plug for the return of the Parthenon frieze, stolen by Elgin, to its home in Athens. This is illegally acquired International treasure, stolen by a British aristocrat who wanted to decorate his private mansion with them. Athens has a beautiful new museum, specifically designed for these sculptures, just waiting for their return. For the first time, recently the UK government relaxed its “no way” rhetoric on the subject, passing the buck to the British Museum, which claims to “own” them. It’s a start, anyway, we just need to keep pushing for their return. Please keep sending messages to your representatives, especially our British friends to your government, thanks, it’s making a difference, gradually.
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Orleans Village
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Ashley
@pattiehernandez769
@pattiehernandez769 Год назад
hum , hum, hum ,hum, hum !!!!
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
New Orleans Louisiana
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
real
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
🔍🔍🔍
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Old Past
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Rainfall
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Pole down Bent side wires hang Down
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
ms.carter
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Deshan A Douglas owes money
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Patrick
@jos6381
@jos6381 3 года назад
Study Tartaria architecture.
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Ricquel
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
John ehret high school 1999 2000 class
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Wind speed 140
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Hand book
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Close book everything can 📴
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Light powers outage Storm
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
💃📝📒
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Who is coming down here
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Debra
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
It was eastern times
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Kadeish Jessica Deon tut Chantel
@smedusri5138
@smedusri5138 5 месяцев назад
Why did you call it western in fact it came from east like language, faith, myths ...
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
John ehret high school
@soL.33
@soL.33 Год назад
Not Turkey... Mt Ararat is in Armenia. The Ancient Kingdom of Armenia, the first country with its people in history to adopt Christianity as there official state religion in 301AD in till there unfortunate fall in 333AD when the Romans invaded... Armenians as the first Christian people have been massacred and genocided solely for there faith. The most resent being the Armenian Genocide that commenced on April 24 1914 by the Turkish Ottoman Empire. 1.5 million Armenians with 500k Greeks were slaughtered and deported from there homeland and sent to death marches through the Syrian desert and claimed the homeland of Armenians as part of what we call Turkey today, which included Mt Ararat. Mt Ararat is on the seal of the Armenian crest... Armenians and Greeks view each other as ancient brother nations and have many similarity and family times going back centuries... Hitler even stated that the Armenian Genocide was used as a blueprint for the Jewish Holocaust and even referenced it in a infamous speech saying "Who now remembers the Armenians?" as a means to justify what he wanted to do and did to the jews... I guess this gentlemen missed that part of in his decades of researching.... :/
@mingus8257
@mingus8257 9 месяцев назад
This is not the way you get people to give a shit about Armenia lol
@soL.33
@soL.33 9 месяцев назад
@@mingus8257 then tell me how? Besides the fact that they've been around for centuries and have survived till this day
@lshtar777
@lshtar777 2 года назад
The reason the Parthenon "bulges" and "bows" is BECAAAAAAaaaaause... It was petrified. It was sitting under water in mud and silt and as it petrified it slowly bulged under it's own weight. Look at an old dingy that sinks in a lake. Slowly the smaller pieces of wood decay leaving a bowed frame that would collapse if taken out of the water. Given enough time and in the right elements (mud sand, silt, water) It would petrify that way.
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Kirt tyrelle Alaysha Aaliyah jerya
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Central times
@teddygunter1130
@teddygunter1130 9 месяцев назад
So in essence these British aristocrats stole the stuff and took it back to the England on the grand thief tour????
@jackiereynolds2888
@jackiereynolds2888 3 года назад
In my three classes in college on the history of art, my first one was on architecture of the ancient Greece. I was working full-time with a full class load. I remember falling asleep in class; it was hard getting through. The second one was cool. It was classical pieces of art from the period of the middle ages. The third class - contemporary art, - was garbage. 'Contemporary' art - is not art. I don't know what it is but it sure as hell isn't art. Throwing paint, or drawing a bunch of lines, - painting a canvas jet-black - is not art. Of course this 'trend' has continued; now I need to see a literal pile of garbage, a toilet with dead flowers in it - or a crucifix in a jar of urine as art. I don't think so. An 'artist' has talent. He or she creates beautiful images which inspire life's realities. 'Art for Arts sake' - this simply means you have no talent or even skill to create genuine art. I don't go to a museum to see what my three year-old or a chimpanzee can do. Art is not genuinely inspired creation anymore, - it's simply marketing. ' What-do-you-see' 'What-does-it-mean' 'What-do-you-think-the-person-is-trying- to-say'. Gimme a break. I can't help but wonder what soda-bottles strung together with wire has to do with Caravaggio, Rubens, Boucher, or Velazquez.
@WildStarvingWolf
@WildStarvingWolf 2 года назад
Yes, very educational.. I just disliked how he kept saying, Um, ahh, um, um, aah, etc. Very distracting and his excessively slow pace and half sentences just made it tedious to listen to. I couldn't even get through half of the video. I think I would rather read it than listening to something like this again. I'm not trying to be mean, I just can't find other words to describe the experience. Maybe I'm disappointed because I just finished the four videos on classical architecture and they were an absolute delight to listen to.
@pasad335
@pasad335 Год назад
It would be nice to have some good photos also. don't show a mosaic upside down or a theater with one tourist standing right in the middle.
@gc-tm1tv
@gc-tm1tv 3 года назад
Oooh! get you... You don't like the British Museum do you? The Elgin Marbles were not stolen, they were legitimately purchased.
@zico739
@zico739 3 года назад
They were stolen.
3 года назад
@@BluntofHwicce But that’s the amount paid to the Earl of Elgin, right? I think that it is seen as controversial how he get these antiquities, not that he sold them to the British museum.
@fainatselnik267
@fainatselnik267 3 года назад
Bringing in Ottoman Empire that Lord Elgin purchased it from adds assault to injury. it’s Greek treasures and Ottomans were occupants that half of the south Eastern Europe were trying to get rid off. Turks would sell any treasures of enslaved countries. So it is a robbery. And since in case of Egypt, British Museum is concern about safety in case of another convenient Democratic revolution, it’s not the case with Greece - its EU member state (and till last year Britain and Greece shared the Governing body, so no worries on secure return of some of the treasures. And don’t overestimated the good will of many countries to BUY back their national history.
@gc-tm1tv
@gc-tm1tv 3 года назад
@@fainatselnik267 Lord Elgin saved the Marbles now in the British Museum. The Parthenon was a disaster zone at the time he stepped in. The building had latterly been used as an arsenal and the gunpowder it held was blown up by a weapon strike a century earlier. What remained was constantly looted rather than conserved.There was no scenario in 1800 whereby anything would have been protected at the site. Had Elgin not intervened there would be nothing today.
@gc-tm1tv
@gc-tm1tv 3 года назад
@@fainatselnik267 It is well known that the UK preserved the independence of the new Greek state in 1830 and since. The marbles are a fair quid pro quo and the Greeks ought to be reminded.
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Just fell asleep
@AverageAmerican
@AverageAmerican 2 года назад
This is probably a good lecture as they come but it seems like academia is a closed-minded know-it-all when it comes to groups of people or rather the three primary races two of which Humans have to live with. For example, let us think about this architecture for a moment bcuz Humans are simple people, practical, and we don't typically need tall spires and ornate facades. We are more like tent people than arch people. Then there are the megalithic structure people like the Cyclops... Academia needs to wake up!
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Salman push over new south African Girl new welcome
@nicoangel690
@nicoangel690 2 года назад
All civilizations pale .....to My People
@nikoladjordjevic1978
@nikoladjordjevic1978 2 года назад
Grece is not west it has nothing to do with west but Rome on the other side is just a small part of west a small small tiny part of western italy so GTFO
@gloriadouglas5968
@gloriadouglas5968 2 года назад
Greek Rome
@yawasap5110
@yawasap5110 3 года назад
Did not your people say the arabs are responsible for those building just like the ones in petra,greec,rome,europe and the Americas who should I believe?
@stiannobelisto573
@stiannobelisto573 3 года назад
😂, whomever said that must have been drunk
@histguy101
@histguy101 3 года назад
Yes, Arabs did get into some monumental architecture in the late 7th-9th century. They continued making late Roman/Byzantine style structures. Which is understandable, since all their architects were Romans.
@qutaibaabumatar6015
@qutaibaabumatar6015 3 года назад
@@histguy101 I dont think the romans were a thing in the 7th to 9th century luv. that dont make no cents
@histguy101
@histguy101 3 года назад
@@qutaibaabumatar6015 The Arabs conquered Egypt, North Africa, Palestine, and Syria from the Romans between 636-700. Their architecture was virtually identical to what was being built before the conquest. For example: Dome of the Rock.
@qutaibaabumatar6015
@qutaibaabumatar6015 3 года назад
@@histguy101 well, thats true ig if youre referring to the eastern roman empire, but most people don't usually count it as 'roman' by 700; also, how tf is the dome of the rock the same as early byzantine architecture my man, have you seen it
@dreaday28ify
@dreaday28ify 3 года назад
wow haven't u heard theres an awakening going on and the lies will be unveiled you will be shamed
@geraldarthurhall2247
@geraldarthurhall2247 3 года назад
Uh...uh...uh...uh.... Nope
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