About the Etruscan language 

I'm just hoping that, as we x-ray and digitally unroll more scrolls from the library of herculaneum, we eventually find a copy of Claudius' guide to Etruscan history and language.

I LONGED for a video like this about the Etruscans. Thanks a lot Julie

a quick note. the etruscans didn't "expand" to Lombardy/the po plain. they occurred there natively before being overpowered by the celts.

Those statues and paintings show unusal human beauty. And i am able to see etruscan descendands in the streets of Italy. Some people show the same characteristics in their face.

I had a college class on the Etruscans and this is spot on.

You always manage to go deeper into language subject, weaving them in a fabric of contexts that make me watch from the first minute to the last! My sincere compliments!

Another great video Julie. Your grasp of languages and your interest in them is similar to my interest in electronics and electromagnetism. Thanks for translating another language to understandable content.

Keeping in mind that this is the act of a friend - 1200 BC is 'twelve-hundred', not 'twelve-thousand'. 12,000 BC would be very old indeed for a large-scale Mediterranean culture.

3:00 No Herodotus was RIGHT! As an indian i can confirm that we all have farms of massive gold digger ant so that we can earn and feed ourselves.

Etruscan alphabet is 'elementa' and it consists of Vincan proto-alphabet signs, just like Greek.

Give it some time. Some albanian comments will show up

I read a comment once by someone who was familiar with Persian that "muš xormâye kuhi," one of the Persian terms for marmot, did bear some resemblance to the term for mountain ant, "mur kuh." So, there is a distinct possibility that Herodotus' informant mistranslated the term. This is especially true if it went through several tellers. More weight is given to this by the fact that travellers in the Himalayas have discovered that tribes there do indeed sift through the tailings left from marmots' burrowing for gold. It should also be kept in mind that Herodotus was writing for an erudite Greek intellectual class, and he expected them to be able to distinguish betwixt what he clearly said was told to him and what he stated as fact.

I love all of your videos, but the music was really distracting in this one. Don’t let anything take away from your presentation and keep up the good work.

Excellent content . Congratulations from Volterra / Velathri

About the similarities between "Teresh" and Rasena. They're actually similar. 1) the "e" between Egyptian consonants are just placeholders egyptologists put for sounds we don't know (normally vowels). 2) the T is used in Egyptian as in many other Afro-Asiatic languages part of a particle (t3) used to express the "land" or "people" of/from. 3) that leaves us t(3?)-r(_?)sh(_?). So somewhat as "ta-rashena" would not be out of the question. Still a very fringe idea and I'm not a linguist and Egyptian more than a single language is a group of them over 5000 years.

Love your content Julie . You’re the best 😊

A notable characteristic of their culture is that in funerary paintings and sculptures women and men are depicted as equals, at the same height and in the same dimensions. Then the famous Etruscan smile of the couple.

One of your best videos. Brava, Julie! I like your evidence-based approach coupled with plausible speculation. The graphics work very well

The words 'arena', 'satellite', and 'antenna' are also thought to be Etruscan. Intriguing language! Great video, Julie, as always. And you are ever so pretty. :)

Love the vids

Thank you for *all* of your language overviews, and, even for the *advertising* on this one!

You are awesome! I loved this video! Thank you so much.

Very interesting! Thank you.

Great video! ❤

this is great content. great job

Great video, thanks

Etruscan language WAS deciphered in 1968 by Svetislav Bilbija. Not knowing about it, in the 1980-es a professor Chudinov from (what was back then) Soviet Union, also deciphered it.

Outstanding, thank you.

Thankyou! Love it

A brilliant video as usual.

I'm very glad to have discovered this channel. Absolutely riveting presentation with extremely clear and compelling reasoning. Having studied Roman civilization for many decades, I welcomed an updating on what is actually known about the Etruscan language and its origins and relations. Now, I'll check this video about Hungarian culture she mentioned.

Amazing video as always, you will always be an indispensable part of my learning process julie

Thanks. This is great.

Good video. Thanks

Hi Ms. julie I really enjoy all of your videos, they are very well researched and educational. Thank you so much for making them. I just wanted to point out that I found the music in this particular video a bit loud and intrusive at times, but it was still very enjoyable. Thanks again.

The House of the Papyri - might hold Claudius’ book. I really think those charcoaled scrolls should all be recovered before I die. Just think, that work of Claudius, Caesar’s Latin grammar, Heraclitus, and, of course, above all, Sappho!

Thankyou. Thoroughly enjoyed this programme as I've heard of these people, because of Rome, but now I know a lot more.

Very cool ive never heard of the culture of the Etruscans ive only heard there name in passing.

Fascinating!

Very well presented, thank you.

When I was a kid that loved science, I had discovery channel, but now that I still love science I have RU-vidr like this that make content even better.

you got a new sub i love history

Fascinating presentation.

Interesting Video !! :D

Cool. Thanks for sharing.

I was lucky in high school to have a great history teacher. He did talk about them. And this was back in the 80s.

Thank you! The Etruscans are underappreciated.

That story,of the last time Etruscan was spoken, has always been so beautiful, and sad. Its like, we almost Know, the last time those words were uttered.

Love your work. 😺

Love the content, but hate the background music which makes it very difficult to understand what you're saying. Please leave that out. Your videos are worth watching even more without distracting music IMHO.

Thanks for the video! Could you share the sources you use for your videos in the description please?

Great approach!

Interesting DNA results. However, the greatest diversity of clades and subclades of haplogroups is in the country of origin of certain haplogroup, but due to the "founder effect" the biggest concentration of certain haplogroups is in the country/land of colonisation, in this case in Balkans among South Slavic peoples. And smaller percentage means that contributors/ancestors were living in more distant past, and larger shares meaning more recent ancestors. And, test by some other companies could possibly have different results. I love your videos. (My final thesis at the history department was about Etruscan origins according to the Herodotus). One more curiosity: the letter for voice /f/ in shape of number 8 in Etruscan alphabet it is the same as in Lydian alphabet. And when I have done the analysis of the Lemnos stelae, I 've discovered that some words there were borrowed from neighbouring Lydian language. And there is an excellent book dealing with ancient languages : "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient languages" (I have version from 2004)... The only language where I found the connection with Etruscan numerals is ancient Hurritic or Hurrian language number 3: kiq towards Etruscan "ci" /ki/. Some Russian linguists proposed connection with languages of Caucasus. In his work, in chapter unrelated to Tyrsenoi, Herodotus wrote about the city which was in his time named "Tetrapolis" and previously was known as "Hyttenia". From this is remarkable similarity with Etruscan number "huth" meaning four (4). From work of Thucydides we can find out that, in the time when author has lived (second half of 5th century BC), in peninsula Khalkidike in northern Aegean (with 3 big "fingers") in some of cities were living Pelasgians among which majority were "Tyrrhenoi"; also, the inhabitants of Lemnos according to the Thucydides were "Tyrrhenoi". Herodotus wrote that before conquest of island by the Athenians in cca. year 505 BC under leadership of Miltiades (same guy known later from battle of Marathon in 490 BC), the inhabitants of the island were "Pelasgians", having two cities on the island. Greetings from Croatia, home to the longest known Etruscan manuscript in the world ...

My father had a copy of H.W. Janson's History of Art (from a college class) that I used to read through as a child. I remember looking at the ornate furniture and bronze castings the Etruscans made, as well as the stonework they left, and thinking that I was looking at an advanced civilization. I've always been fascinated by them and wish we knew more about them.

Wonderful and informative video, thank you very much for the deep dive! If I could however make one suggestion, please add some variety to your music choices. It gets really distracting especially as you mix it relatively loud.

Scenario two makes sense as that pattern of language from conquest while local dna persists appears so often in other places

It's a nice video, thank you, I just gave some information, We will be happy if you also make the languages of the Ural-Altaic peoples!

7:55 I am a Hungarian who feels Balkan but is Baltic. Or actually I’m 7% Baltic and 21% Balkan which makes more sense. I’ve been thinking that I’m a little Polish because they had an alliance with the Hungarians and I wouldn’t be surprised if they could have Baltic DNA.

Well, love your videos. GREEK is a language you haven't yet analyze and i wonder why, since it is one of the most deep and important languages out there. You should have plenty of material should you choose to do a video about the Greek language! Cheers!

I like your videos about languages which don't get that much attention. Could you do a video about the Sorbian languages as well, please?

According to DNA evidence Etruscans were native people in the Italian peninsula . So finally we know theirs origins

Brilliant ! I love Etruscan Italy !❤❤❤

ADNTRO is right :) you look pretty much Bulgarian to me - beautiful Julia :) ( the first specific country mentioned in the DNA split ) . Love your videos ! This one was especially very well researched and presented- thank you!

Cool and very interesting. 👍🏻

According to Johannes Krause, in his book A Short History of Humanity, based on paleogenetic analysis, the Etruscan language originates from the Anatolian migration that brought farming into Europe. The same is true for the defunct Minoan and Paleo-Sardinian languages, as well as Basque (the only Anatolian farmers' language that has survived to this day).

Very interesting.

The most interesting question still is: How did the Etruscan language SOUND? The written language does not say much about a language, see French. And unfortunately we can´t say much about that aspect. Unless there are lyric sources.

Like your videos Julie always informative and well produced. I have a question though. Curious about your accent , what's your mother tongue?

I sang several rheto-romano songs from Canton Graubunden in Switzerland, and some the words you mentioned does appear in the lyrics. According to what is known, the Etruscans conquered the Rhaeti and the the latter syncrectized their conqueror's language. Later the Romans added their language to the mix. I await further research about the Etruscan language.

Great video, but the music is a bit manic at times.

I would bet that the influence of Etruscan on modern languages is highly underestimated.

The music is too loud.

Love your videos 👏🇦🇱

Etruscan was developed from Vinca script. Greek is a copy more or less from Vinca script and Latin took it from Greeks. Etruscan writing on a large stone block was deciphered using Cyrillic Serbian alphabet, which uses 28 letters from Vinca script. Comparing the letters of Vinca, Greek, Etruscan is showing which one was first. Its Vinca. Phelascians lived in mainland Greece before the Greeks arrived from the Ionian sea island. Crete is loaded with archaeological remains which are showing the presence of population before the Greeks, namely Pelasgians.

There are Rhaetic words that remain in the Romansh language of Switzerland 🇨🇭, Rhaetic could be a related language to Etruscan

Very interesting greetings from Greece

This is just a request(may be you'll not have so much resources) can you do a video about amazigh languages?(it is a group of languages native to north Africa)

Beautiful

As a modern "etruscan citizen" i cannot wait the day of the deciphering of the etruscans language! Great video.

Hey @JuLingo, I mean this in a good way and I don't want to hurt your feelings. I want to give you a cognitive scientist's tip for your future videos. It would be nice if you didn't try too hard to entertain the viewers. Nowadays it is common to use very disturbing background music in videos and to interrupt the speech so that the listener is out of breath. This is a trend, but you don't have to follow it. A better option is to think in terms of empathy, i.e. to think about who is watching the video. Of course, then you have to make generalisations, but when you are aiming for a large audience, then it is also a question of generalisations. An empathetic approach in this case means understanding what kind of people most people are who watch videos on the subject in question. Viewers of such videos are often more interested than average in science and languages, possibly linguistics. I know a lot of people in this group and I can tell you that fast talking, distracting background music or anything like that, does not appeal to this target audience. Don't think that you have to make a video for the masses and that you have to follow some general idea of how to make videos. So, breathe, talk slower, take pauses, place background music only at the beginning and focus only on the content itself. So it's not a music video, it's not something that you have to try to keep the viewer engaged, it's not something that you have to specifically entertain them with. It's a video for people interested in this particular subject. I hope you took this in good spirit and understand what I mean.

this is great. the exploration of old, no longer understood languages, is fascinating "dead" languages have a habit of showing up in strange and unusual modern places.

It is very strange but when I hear Latvian peoples speaking english then I think they are actually polish. The accent is so so similar - amazing.

This is interesting, as usual, but the music mix is far too loud; it sounds like you're competing with it. It's really distracting.

Even today in south of Albania is Tosk dialect

🇮🇹🤔THE ORIGINS OF THE ETRUSCANS: There are essentially three positions: origin from the East, origin from the North and autochthony. (google translate) The first theory is that of Herodotus and has small variations within it. According to the author, the people originated from Lydia or Asia Minor (both located in modern-day Turkey) and, across the sea, migrated to what was Umbria, in Central Italy. Other versions see the Etruscans as an evolution of the eastern people of the Pelasgians, who before arriving in Italy had colonized the Aegean islands of Lemnos and Imbros, a theory later supported in modern times with linguistic and epigraphic comparisons. The most authoritative version among the Eastern ones soon became the Lydian origin, with which the poet Virgil also agrees. For a long time this was the most accredited hypothesis and among its supporters it found a great scholar like Bloch. This idea was strengthened by various elements: first of all the linguistic one, as mentioned. In fact, the languages ​​of Asia Minor and Etruria have very similar terms. Furthermore, the discovery of the Lemnos stele, written in a pre-Hellenic language very similar to Etruscan, helped to corroborate the hypothesis. Another element was the advent of Orientalising, a phenomenon that coincides with one of the most flourishing phases of the Etruscans. According to this vision, this artistic style would have arrived in Italy with the arrival of a new people. The last element that gives strength to the theory is the presence of the Trš.w in important Egyptian inscriptions (1230-1170 BC) which speak of the invasions of mysterious "sea peoples". Even today the identification of these peoples is not clear, but attempts have been made to interpret them in various ways. In this specific case the translation would be "Tyrsenoi", Tyrrhenians, the Etruscans precisely. The second theory is the northern one, which was never very successful. It was born following the discoveries of Pigorini and is based on the possibility that the Terramare civilization, which had cremation as its funerary use, had moved southwards. Another theory is linked to this theory, which would see a certain kinship between the Etruscans and Networks due to the linguistic comparison. The third theory is autochthony, which gave rise to the question of origins since the Augustan age, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus. This thesis, in modern discussion, starts from linguistic considerations. Etruscan is considered a non-Indo-European language. According to this vision, therefore, the Etruscans would be traces of the pre-Indo-European populations. The language, in fact, bears witness to a previous layer, which is linked to the famous "Mediterranean civilisations" that lived in atavistic times in Asia Minor and the Aegean islands. In reality, all three theories have plausible elements and some points of criticism and this impossibility of giving a univocal definition made the issue very heated: each had good reasons to support their hypothesis and, at the same time, received attacks from supporters of other theories, all acceptable. Even today the controversy is open, even if more and more scholars accept mediation. Pallottino was the first to make a satisfactory summary. The scholar highlights the incorrect initial approach. All three theses, in fact, consider the Etruscan people as a single block since their birth. This approach is most wrong: the people, by definition, are never something static. Borders are merely socio-political and economic superstructures created by man for his own convenience. It is much easier to impose laws when you leverage an identity that resides in a certain territory. This conception was greatly strengthened with the birth of the National States. In the ancient world, presumably, the concept of boundaries was much more labile than now, as can be seen from the many cases of acculturation. It is rare to talk about submission at all levels; even when it occurred on a political level it did not occur, for example, on a cultural level. Just think of the Romans who, despite achieving an extraordinary conquest, always respected the habits, customs and religion of the subject peoples, by whom they were often influenced for example in art or fashion. This process is what all ancient peoples went through: although they were well aware of their own ethnos, at least from a certain point onwards, they absorbed like sponges everything they considered positive about the other people they came into contact with. We have therefore now come to the conclusion that talking about Etruscan origins up to a certain period is useless. The people that we can call Etruscans began to form in central Italy starting from the Iron Age (11th-9th century BC). In this first phase, as for all Italians, a great revolution occurred which led to the awareness of being a people. This period is traditionally called Villanovan and sees people well organized in more or less important villages, who used iron, who knew the division of labor and that between the sexes and above all who used incineration as a funerary rite. This civilization evolved until Romanization. The last city taken was Velsna-Volsinii (now Orvieto), in 264 BC. Despite this, the Etruscan culture did not disappear immediately, but persisted until the 1st century BC. During these ten centuries the Etruscans changed a lot, they came into contact with various and different people. Furthermore, depending on the area, the relationships were different. Despite this, the Etruscans were aware of being a unique people, who had the same customs and above all spoke the same language. The differences were superficial, for example artistic and artisanal productions. In fact, "federations" were created, called twelve cities (one in the centre, one in the North and one in the South) made up of city states which did not always agree on the common policy to follow, but which recognized themselves in common elements. Before the 11th century, therefore we cannot speak of Etruscan people, but of training processes, which were full of encounters and as long as Prehistory.

Their DNA was a mixture of two-thirds Copper Age ancestry (EEF + WHG; Etruscans ~66-72%, Latins ~62-75%) and one-third Steppe-related ancestry (Etruscans ~27-33%, Latins ~24-37%) (with the EEF component mainly deriving from Neolithic-era migrants to Europe from Anatolia and the WHG being local Western European hunter-gatherers, with both components, along with that from the steppe, being found in virtually all European populations). Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; Moots, Hannah M.; et al. (November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published November 8, 2019): 708-714.

I have learned more about the Etruscans from this video than ever before in my life.

Oh my gosh! I have not heard anyone mention the Etruscans in decades.

First, I would like to say I truly enjoyed the video. As a person who studies languages myself, I would like to make a small comment. 1) Yes, we have multiple claims about the Etruscans by different people at different ages and we have material evidence from excavation sites (for instance, "villa nova" illalic settlements). However, we also have different ways of understanding what counts as a people. Are we talking about a linguistic community? Or about a religious community? Or about a genetic community? Or about groups of settlements that exchanged goods? Or about a zone sharing the same paying and measuring systems? Or about military alliances during clashes between two armed blocks? Which kind of group are we talking about when we say that the Etruscans lived somewhere and spoke Etruscan? Since your video is about the Etruscan language and it is a gift attached to an ancestry test advertisment, it seems that you are considering the intersection between linguistic and genetic communities (and religious community?): one language with one religion, one army, and one genome (Dio, Patria e Famiglia). Is this the case? 2) As for the term "theory", I would suggest you consider the claims as alternative or complementary hypotheses that one can use to defend with the collected evidence or accommodate the evidence. Once the hypotheses are evidentiated to a sufficient extent, they should be accepted as theses. The linguistic theory here is the way we think languages are used and evolve at it is what we use to describe the language and to analyse extant texts. We do not need a new linguistic theory, we need to apply our linguistic theory to the description of Etruscan (updating our linguistic theory if Etruscan works differently from all other languages in the world), and then we need to use this description for whatever goal we have, for instance, to defend or oppose hypotheses about whatever you are calling the Etruscan people/civilization. 3) As for the term "gender", you enter in contradiction. The opposition between animated vs inanimated being is gender. It is not sex-based, but it is gender.

Last month I investigated about the Etruscan language and made some sentences. I searched for a video about the subjegt but didn't find anything. Now this video was recommended to me.

I have 2 books with etruscsn grammar, they are like puzzles with just few pieces

Well done, thank you. Kudos. This video earned you my sub. All the best.

Anatolia was widely viewed as the place from which the ancestors of the Romans came. Specifically Aeneas, from Wilusa, after the sack of that city by the Mycenaean Greeks in the late Bronze Age. So, if we have Herodotus mentioning an Anatolian ancestry for the Etruscans, it does make sense that it may be true. If there is a similarity to Hurrian, then that also points to Anatolia. There were many languages in Anatolia in the Bronze Age, and not all of them were Indo-European. Latin, of course, is Indo-European, as was Nesili, the language of the Hittites. Wilusa was a vassal of the Hittite Empire. I'm no linguist, but do love languages, and one thing I have noticed is that languages often simplify over time. As a result, I found it interesting, Julie, that you mentioned that the Estruscan alphabet reduced to 20 letters. Obviously there was also an influence on Latin, though the two languages were very different. Have you done a video on Nesili, Julie?

As you speak about etruscan language I think without tone that is something about popular music.

Good, informative video. One apparent error, though. You stated a couple of times that Etruscan evidence goes back to 12,000 BC. I think you more likely mean 1,200 BC.

Love your videos and your voice! Please no music! I can't concentrate on what you are saying.

I'm fascinated by pre-Indo-European languages and cultures. I tried to learn some Basque at some point but didn't get far due to the shortage of learning material in English.

This is very interesting, but why is the music so loud?

That is really Anglo-centric approach to word order ( 16:58 ) . If a language has object indicator the subject-object order becomes irrelevant. Only English and Scandinavian use grammatical word order like that. The more interesting question is : how are emphasis, focus and topic expressed in Etruscan if not with word-order ?

These Paleo languages are the most fascinating by far. They just make you wonder how they originated and how they ended up in their respective locations.