@@misterskeleton_yt7854 In fairness, far too many people abuse the comments section by littering it with half-baked jokes (or worst, memes) and not enough intellectual discourse. That said, the OP's comment is the rare exception of legitimately witty humor.
Thanks for watching! There's an embarrassing blunder halfway, where I state that hairs & nails are made of chitin. Of course, they're made of keratin, so I should actually have said: "...chitin, which has a similar structural function as the keratin that nails and hairs are made of. "
Hola. Entiendo perfectamente ingles y a mi encantaria apoyar tu contenido. Gracias a tus videos logro desarrollarlo un poco mas ademas de ver aspectos de biologia en otro idioma.
I think it's worth putting a quick note in the video or the description. If you want to replace the "hair and nails" part with the structural integument for fungi, I think that would be good. Up to you though.
Craziest thing is, most of that story has been figured out only within the past 10 years. It required a ton of investigation into the genetic relationships between the 8 Ecdysozoan phyla, as well as detailed examination and re-examination of Cambrian fossils (including the identification of4 whole new species), in order to piece together the events that led to the origin and diversification of the Ecdysozoa. This video goes from straight from first Ecdysozoan (the common ancestor of Priapulids and Arthropods + 6 other phyla--shown at about 10:00) to the first gilled lobopods (common ancestor of Arthropods, Tardigrades, and Onychophorans--shown at 10:40), but there's a middle step that didn't get mentioned. After the ancestors of Arthropods diverged from the ancestors of Priapulids and Kinorhyncans, but before the emergence of any Lobopodian features, Ecdysozoans developed an increasingly sophisticated nervous system anatomy, most notably including vibration-sensitive hairs used to provide a simple sense of touch and hearing, as well as a variety of chemoreceptors to provide a sense of smell/taste. You see these same features in the modern Nematodes and Ribbon Worms, which at a glance don't look too different from Priapulids, but are in fact far more 'advanced', Arthropod like creatures. There's also some features that all 'Panarthopods' (Arthropods as well as Tardigrades and Velvet Worms) share with eachother, rather than being completely unique to Arthropods. Their 'lobe feet' ended with claw-like hooks to keep anchored to the seabed, but which would later adapt for various other purposes, such as legs for tightly gripping and climbing trees, or as mouthparts for grinding prey. Their frontmost segment, rather than ending as a pair of limbs, was modified into a pair of sensory appendages which are quite likely direct ancestors of the antennae of most modern panarthropods. Also, each segment includes a pair of nephridia, kidney-like organs not found in other Ecdysozoans. The gill branches are unique to true Arthropods and their very closest extinct cousins (most famously Anomalocaris)
I will eventually, but even slight increases of e.g. gravity will make significant differences on how life will evolve. For now, I want to stick planets very similar to Earth. I can recommend the new NetFlix series "Alien Worlds" which offers some interesting insights on some of the differences.
@@Phrenotopia I think it'd be really interesting to see a video that takes place on a planet with different physics every once in a while. A part of the reason I'm so drawn to this kind of content and your channel is because I like seeing something really alien, so that would be really cool imo Also yes, looking forward to checking Alien Worlds out
@@humanoid9787 look up a RU-vid channel called Biblaridion. Dude made his planet 20% less dense than earth and put 1% H2S poison gas into the athmosfere, which ended up having some serious consecuences down the line (including huge chemotrophyc rainforests and acid megahurricanes).
Wow! The algorithm really pulled through for me this time. This channel is a treasure, I don't think I've seen this balance of creativity and thoroughness anywhere else.
Wow, thank you! That is a very kind thing to say, especially since being creative and thorough is exactly what I want to be. It's a shame about that one embarrassing blunder in this video, though. That still "bugs" me. 😅
I know it's been a while not, but I hope you'll continue this series! It seems worms are something that will probably evolve in any biosphere. I'm interested in seeing how you describe the evolution of other phyla of animals!
8:25 - 10:55 is a very great evolution process illustration! It gives me the same feelings as my 13 yr old watched evolution process in"Walking with Monsters". anw, what animal is that on 5:50? doesn't seems like horseshoe crab, but I never see a water arthropod like that
I was always somewhat mildly interested in biology and evolution, but this series has scrathed my imaginative itch. Being an engineer I very much enjoy watching what I feel is a very technical analysis, the implications and predictions about body patterns of earthly and extraterrestrial creatures. You can tell by the amount of drawings and schematics that it took a lot of work to make every video of this series. Bravo
Thank you! I really do try to look at evolving creatures as trying to find technical solutions to their immediate conditions. Glad to hear you can appreciate my angle here.
Also, you may find it interesting I just discovered an fascinating paper that suggests that: "...arthrodization (sclerotization and jointing of the exoskeleton) evolved to facilitate swimming". Check out my community tab!
@Nikola Anicic I agree and I like this angle. This is also what makes humans stand out so much in the animal kingdom. There are many highly intelligent animals on Earth, but the human species seems to have specialized itself in General Intelligence. This makes it possible for us to "cheat" evolution by actively finding solutions to real world problems, rather than letting natural selection shape our bodies to meet those challenges. But when it comes down to it, natural selection is really just finding engineering solutions in an analogous way.
Even if it takes you another year, I know I'll be waiting patiently for you to continue this series. I have always had a fascination with spec evo and consume a lot of this sort of content, but the Dunning-Kruger effect has always scared me away from seriously tackling it myself. There's just so many factors to consider that it's difficult to even know where to start. These videos have provided an excellent foundation, and I might take the plunge someday yet. The depth and clarity here is inspiring, it's practically befitting of an entry-level university lecture. Keep up the great work!
Good stuff. Looking forward to the vertebrate evolution episode. Would have been cool to see the inverting of the mouth to show the toothed appendage going in and out of the body, but I understand an animation like that would be very difficult.
Yes, I've been struggling with that and realized it looked odd, but didn't want to spend more time on it. There are of course extensive skin folds involved that make it harder to visualize with 2D lines.
Honestly, I was worried about your hiatus, but it's more than justified given the quality you have presented us. Thank you very much for such rich content, and know that we're looking forward for your next entries.
Great video. Im currently keeping a athropod that you may know as a roly poly (armadillium valgare) . Im selective breeding them and studying their behavior. This video allowed me to learn more about these athropods history.
I love isopods like that and used to play around with them a lot as a kid. Arthropods are a really interesting group that I'll be digging into more (pun not intended).
A very nice and thorugh video. I enjoy your teaching style with clear hypothesis, argumentation and repetition in your conclusion. Little scientific hickup: nails and hair are made of keratin, not chitin.
Yes, that was an embarrassing blunder. See my pinned comment. My point was of course that these are both tightly packed tough materials that are non-living.
Although there may be a point to the nature of chitin specifically constraining a group's evolution towards an arthropod-like body plan. 🤔 I hadn't thought of that, but it's worth considering! I may need to think about constraints and their meaning for evolution on a deeper, molecular level.
Great to see you again, Phren! Amazing to think that arthropodoid creatures may exsist all over the universe. I don't think we'll frind creatures exactly like insects, arachnids and crustaceans, but just the idea that we'll see almost identical body plans to our bugs? Incredible. Great logic there!
Some day I'm gonna start comparing the different arthropod groups. Chelicerates (spiders etc.) are actually quite different from Mandibulates (myriapods, crustaceans, insects etc.). The most significant difference are the jaws. Some day, I'm gonna dig more into that particular issue and think about how different arthropodoids might be.
Thank you for this series! I took a media program in high school, so I never learned biology even though I've always been very interested. I'm learning so much here! Really hope to see a new episode soon 🙏
This video flew under the radar. Maybe because of the time of year it was posted. Hope the algorithim picks it up again. It was highly worth the watch. Especially 7:38 to 10:58
this is still one of my favorite series on youtube. are you thinking about ever coming back to this series? maybe looking at another phylum, like molluscs or vertebrates?
Thank you! Homing in on the main points and illustrating these as good as I can is exactly what I'm trying to do all the time. I'm really thinking about how to present things as lucid as possible for you guys.
I love this series so much. It has really helped me with strategies for evolving alien life forms on my speculative worlds. This video in particular is really good; I love how your videos focus on what lifestyles lead to what kinds of body plans!
Thank you and yes, it's really important for me to keep in mind that awesome body designs aren't just conjured up by sheer will. It's circumstances that drives life to ever more interesting forms.
I just found an interesting paper that suggests that: "...arthrodization (sclerotization and jointing of the exoskeleton) evolved to facilitate swimming". Check out my community tab!
Bumpy burrowing sea cucumbers? I’m glad I’ve learned about them now rather than later! Also it’s good to have you back - with each video I’m bound to learn something that intrigues me. We appreciate your work!
And it bothered me greatly as well. I was aware of the blunder right after upload and must feature it in an upcoming blunders compilation. Please check my pinned comment and the captions that rectify my mistake.
Just commenting for the algorithm. By the way, I had an interesting thought recently: a bilateral organism developing radial symmetry via some intermediate stage of prehensile tail -> limb analogue -> migration of the head to an elevated central position. Boom, 5-radial bilaterians. Do you think that could happen realistically?
There would have to be a way of designing a light but strong exoskeleton, otherwise the animal would collapse under its own weight. The largest living arthropods are probably the King Crabs but that is because water has some six times the supporting ability of air. If you double the size you triple the surface area which means tripling the mass of the exoskeleton.
You think you could do a video on "The Vertebrate Recipe", with endoskeletons? Also a video on the possibly the evolution of jaws would be neat For example while there are many different jaw types from modified limbs in arthropods, radula in snails and the cephalopod beak, but all vertebrates with the exception of the Agnatha, jawless fish, have jaws which originally evolved from gill arches, are there other ways a similar structure could evolve?
To think that in an absolutely perfect, orderly, idea world, life wouldn't even exist. This video helped me realize that life and all its adaptations is literally a cope for the environment. For what purpose though, no idea.
Breaking new : scientists discover planet inhabited by krebs, confirming Phrenotopia's hypothesis that segmented body plan would convergently evolve on other planet !
Yes, that is indeed a very interesting question to explore. There may be something to the notion that "molting" is the most important part of the arthropod recipe.
