🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation: 00:00 Nine *key factors in Alzheimer's pathophysiology include genetics, abnormal protein accumulation, cholinergic deficits, glutamatergic system, oxidative stress, calcium metabolism alterations, neuroimmunological changes, synaptic alterations, and toxic elements like metals.* 01:39 Genetic *factors contribute, with mutations in genes like PSEN1, APP, and PSEN2 linked to Alzheimer's, while the APOE gene on chromosome 19 increases susceptibility.* 02:06 Abnormal *protein accumulation involves beta-amyloid peptide and tau protein, forming neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to neuronal damage and apoptosis.* 03:18 Normal *physiology involves the processing of amyloid precursor protein, and mutations in certain chromosomes lead to increased production and deposition of beta-amyloid, contributing to Alzheimer's.* 05:22 The *primary event triggering Alzheimer's is the formation of beta-amyloid plaques, which are neurotoxic and activate microglia, causing neurodegeneration and inflammation.* 07:29 Neurofibrillary *tangles form due to hyperphosphorylation and misfolding of tau protein, disrupting microtubule function, leading to neuronal death in Alzheimer's.* 08:51 Cholinergic *deficits and neurotransmitter imbalances, including serotonin and norepinephrine, contribute to Alzheimer's symptoms such as memory loss, depression, and aggression.* 10:12 Glutamatergic *system abnormalities, with prolonged glutamate release, may cause excitotoxicity, contributing to neuronal death in Alzheimer's.* 10:56 Calcium *metabolism alterations, involving excessive intracellular calcium, act as a trigger in the enzymatic cascade leading to neuronal apoptosis in Alzheimer's.* 11:10 Neuroimmunological *changes involve chronic inflammation and the release of neurotoxic cytokines, contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.* 11:39 Toxic *elements, particularly aluminum, may play a role in Alzheimer's, with its presence in beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and elevated plasma levels in Alzheimer's patients.* Made with HARPA AI
