Appalachian Geology: Surprising Implications 

That was in 1977. I’m old! But not as John Denver sang, “older than the mountains…”

Excellent, next time I drive through the mountains I will appreciate the 'how did that happen? ' question.

wow i studied mechanical engineering but i was close to switching to geology. in the end i thought there were less jobs and lower pay but now i realize i could have made far more money working for an oil and gas company as a geologist... or a mechanical engineer for that matter meh no regrets.

​​@@psilocybemusashiI think starting pay is generally higher for engineers. Civil Engineering firms in Europe and US+Canada have been hiring geologists for maybe more than a generation now. Mining includes water and non-fossil-fuels too!

that area has some of the purest aquifers, right?

I love to hear this!

Nick is also great 👍

Yup!😆

I know I wish I was younger and studying geoogy!

It's never too late! Seriously find out if you can sit in on some geology classes at a university near you. Lots of profs in smaller universities/colleges would love to talk to you and share their ideas - a Geologist's son

@@tangerine199 A lot of professors don't mind. You can also take classes thru Open University no matter what your age is. When I was in my early twenties and taking a Physical Geology class I remember there was a much older looking gent, perhaps in his 60's or more, auditing the class.

I grew up in the Catskill range of the Appalachia Mountains. Rockland County NY to be exact. I was taken by rocks as a kid because everywhere I put a shovel to dig worms for fishing, I would hit a rock. They interested me in learning how they got there. All school taught us was the “Ice Age”….

Love the nolage. Please keep teaching me.

fascinating!

We followed the Appalachians to/ through the gasped peninsula.

Thank you for your story, Skippy! I'm so happy it added some knowledge/appreciation for your homeland.

I just found Byron’s show and love it! Because I love science, all of it. I’m now watching your videos about daily now. I have you added to my list of best RU-vid scientists: * Myron Cook Geology Read the Rocks *StarTalk *Crime Pays but Botany Doesn’t Thank you for you’re show!!

Globe "Planets" with oceans glued to a curved surface ? LOL ... LMAO Here kids, Earth is a level plane comprised of fossilized flesh. The actual term is called Nucleophilic Substitution, with level Earth the Substrate. Mega titan dragon creatures 🐉🐲died here long ago, and their bodies are now limestone and granite ⛰🏔 mountains, and island chains etc. This type of creature was airborne, fire breathing and it's actual venom is where Crude Oil, Shale, and Coal come from. These Dragons bodies 🐉are loaded with the 38 Transition Metals (e.g. - Fe, Au, Ag, Cu etc.) like the Appalachians Mts. 🏔 (dragon) on the East coast. Fossil Fuel is a correct term like biogenic oil, but there is no true "Jurassic period", just the reality that ancient mega Titan reptilian creatures existed and limestone/granite mountains are the physical remains (Substrate). Go to google earth, remove borders and labels, and see the Atlas Mts. in Morocco for a starter dragon (1000 mi. baby), and notice the two colorful blue/red glands which secreted the black venom (now Crude Oil). There's also a 500 mile long fish 🐠as the Sahara Desert, leaving it's Si Silicon, and SiO2 sands laying next to that dragon as well. The east coast Appalachians/Blue Ridge Mts. are another multi head dragon, a Monster-0 type (lol) leaving shale and the Mexican Gulf it's vast oil (Venom) deposits etc. The north Canadian Rockies are made of at least two separate dragon 🐉🐲creatures, leaving massive coal and crude oil deposits in Alaska and Yukon Territories etc. These mega-Titan fire breathing dragon creatures are the stuff of legends, and they are forever part of Earth Plane Topography (🐉=🏔), and our ancient level Earth's actual History. Now you know where gasoline, and metals for tooling comes from, 🐲🐉! 😉 lol ... Dragons !

😅im not a geologist & I'm way closer to Antarctica than to the US. Its interesting how one becomes aware of the terminology unknowingly, its to do with the calibre of the presentations. i do find deep time difficult... contemplating a billion years, really understanding it , isnt something i know how to do. I'll be watching this gentleman's other videos, very comfortable viewing.

@@joemug4079 here are some others that may interest you : Cody's Lab - misc science/nerd Nile Red - chemistry Nile Blue - chemistry Journey To The Microcosmos - microbiology Thoisoi - chemistry Sixty Symbols - physics Mathologer - maths 3 Blue 1 Brown - maths Ben Eater - electronics

That's a terrific visual!

good idea!

"The depth and extent of the basin can be used as a proxy for the length and height of the mountain range that created it." That is an excellent point. Since the basin will resist erosion for a much longer period than the much more exposed mountains themselves. Most of the mountain range will have been eroded away, while the still largely below ground basin will still persist.

Globe "Planets" with oceans glued to a curved surface ? LOL ... LMAO Here kids, Earth is a level plane comprised of fossilized flesh. The actual term is called Nucleophilic Substitution, with level Earth the Substrate. Mega titan dragon creatures 🐉🐲died here long ago, and their bodies are now limestone and granite ⛰🏔 mountains, and island chains etc. This type of creature was airborne, fire breathing and it's actual venom is where Crude Oil, Shale, and Coal come from. These Dragons bodies 🐉are loaded with the 38 Transition Metals (e.g. - Fe, Au, Ag, Cu etc.) like the Appalachians Mts. 🏔 (dragon) on the East coast. Fossil Fuel is a correct term like biogenic oil, but there is no true "Jurassic period", just the reality that ancient mega Titan reptilian creatures existed and limestone/granite mountains are the physical remains (Substrate). Go to google earth, remove borders and labels, and see the Atlas Mts. in Morocco for a starter dragon (1000 mi. baby), and notice the two colorful blue/red glands which secreted the black venom (now Crude Oil). There's also a 500 mile long fish 🐠as the Sahara Desert, leaving it's Si Silicon, and SiO2 sands laying next to that dragon as well. The east coast Appalachians/Blue Ridge Mts. are another multi head dragon, a Monster-0 type (lol) leaving shale and the Mexican Gulf it's vast oil (Venom) deposits etc. The north Canadian Rockies are made of at least two separate dragon 🐉🐲creatures, leaving massive coal and crude oil deposits in Alaska and Yukon Territories etc. These mega-Titan fire breathing dragon creatures are the stuff of legends, and they are forever part of Earth Plane Topography (🐉=🏔), and our ancient level Earth's actual History. Now you know where gasoline, and metals for tooling comes from, 🐲🐉! 😉 lol ... Dragons !

Isostatic pressure

interesting!

@@myroncook I’m wondering if I’m correct on this. Please enlighten me. That was a long time ago, but I remember it distinctly.

​@@LyleFrancisDelp You are correct!

@@myroncook Thanks for reassuring my memory. That teacher was one of my all time favorites. He ignited an interest in science that pervades to this day.

Sea floor magnetic anomaly “stripes” also were indicative. Magma rising was magnetized differently depending on the shift of the Earth’s magnetic pole, creating symmetrical, parallel magnetic bands parallel to the Mid-Atlantic Rift.

Same!! Hello fellow Pennsylvanian!

Very cool!

Valley and Ridge

Foreland

Thank you for your feedback, Jillian! Keep visualizing and enjoying the geology...brings wonderment.

I'm glad to hear that

Thank you for your story, Paul. I love to hear about people like you...it is inspiring to me. For me the "common man" is the absolute backbone of our country.

I agree completely! I'm from eastern PA and also spent ten years in Tennesee's Smoky Mountains, where you can see those beautiful waves of hills at the beginning of your video. I spent many days walking my dogs at Wilbur dam in Carter County, TN, looking in awe at the huge cuts in the mountainsides. Their many-layered folds, tilted at steep angles, are the live version of your clay model. Myron, the model and your explanation of the whole process make it easy to grasp and understand! And I knew the Appalachians were once as tall as the Himalayas, but had no idea their erosion spread as far as Arizona! Puts it into an even larger perspective...the Appalachians show the future the Rockies and the Himalayas!

It's NOT over a billion years old. You've been indoctrinated

Glad you enjoyed it!

Thanks for sharing!

glad to hear that!

Thank you for that feedback!

Hope to do that

Globe "Planets" with oceans glued to a curved surface ? LOL ... LMAO Here kids, Earth is a level plane comprised of fossilized flesh. The actual term is called Nucleophilic Substitution, with level Earth the Substrate. Mega titan dragon creatures 🐉🐲died here long ago, and their bodies are now limestone and granite ⛰🏔 mountains, and island chains etc. This type of creature was airborne, fire breathing and it's actual venom is where Crude Oil, Shale, and Coal come from. These Dragons bodies 🐉are loaded with the 38 Transition Metals (e.g. - Fe, Au, Ag, Cu etc.) like the Appalachians Mts. 🏔 (dragon) on the East coast. Fossil Fuel is a correct term like biogenic oil, but there is no true "Jurassic period", just the reality that ancient mega Titan reptilian creatures existed and limestone/granite mountains are the physical remains (Substrate). Go to google earth, remove borders and labels, and see the Atlas Mts. in Morocco for a starter dragon (1000 mi. baby), and notice the two colorful blue/red glands which secreted the black venom (now Crude Oil). There's also a 500 mile long fish 🐠as the Sahara Desert, leaving it's Si Silicon, and SiO2 sands laying next to that dragon as well. The east coast Appalachians/Blue Ridge Mts. are another multi head dragon, a Monster-0 type (lol) leaving shale and the Mexican Gulf it's vast oil (Venom) deposits etc. The north Canadian Rockies are made of at least two separate dragon 🐉🐲creatures, leaving massive coal and crude oil deposits in Alaska and Yukon Territories etc. These mega-Titan fire breathing dragon creatures are the stuff of legends, and they are forever part of Earth Plane Topography (🐉=🏔), and our ancient level Earth's actual History. Now you know where gasoline, and metals for tooling comes from, 🐲🐉! 😉 lol ... Dragons !

I love your story!

That is awesome!

Globe "Planets" with oceans glued to a curved surface ? LOL ... LMAO Here kids, Earth is a level plane comprised of fossilized flesh. The actual term is called Nucleophilic Substitution, with level Earth the Substrate. Mega titan dragon creatures 🐉🐲died here long ago, and their bodies are now limestone and granite ⛰🏔 mountains, and island chains etc. This type of creature was airborne, fire breathing and it's actual venom is where Crude Oil, Shale, and Coal come from. These Dragons bodies 🐉are loaded with the 38 Transition Metals (e.g. - Fe, Au, Ag, Cu etc.) like the Appalachians Mts. 🏔 (dragon) on the East coast. Fossil Fuel is a correct term like biogenic oil, but there is no true "Jurassic period", just the reality that ancient mega Titan reptilian creatures existed and limestone/granite mountains are the physical remains (Substrate). Go to google earth, remove borders and labels, and see the Atlas Mts. in Morocco for a starter dragon (1000 mi. baby), and notice the two colorful blue/red glands which secreted the black venom (now Crude Oil). There's also a 500 mile long fish 🐠as the Sahara Desert, leaving it's Si Silicon, and SiO2 sands laying next to that dragon as well. The east coast Appalachians/Blue Ridge Mts. are another multi head dragon, a Monster-0 type (lol) leaving shale and the Mexican Gulf it's vast oil (Venom) deposits etc. The north Canadian Rockies are made of at least two separate dragon 🐉🐲creatures, leaving massive coal and crude oil deposits in Alaska and Yukon Territories etc. These mega-Titan fire breathing dragon creatures are the stuff of legends, and they are forever part of Earth Plane Topography (🐉=🏔), and our ancient level Earth's actual History. Now you know where gasoline, and metals for tooling comes from, 🐲🐉! 😉 lol ... Dragons !

I'm not familiar with that particular area

@@myroncook Oh ok. I see outcrops of what appear to be the same formation almost always beneath a harder cap rock all over New Mexico all the way down to the Texas border north to southern Colorado and nothing comes up with any google searches describing it. Being so widespread and different than most other easily identifiable types of formations I find it strange that it’s so hard to find out what it is. Is there a way to send some pictures of it maybe you your website? I understand you may be busy and no time for this so don’t want to bother you but figure it’s worth a shot asking.

@@myroncook actually no need to send you pictures, watching your video of the 50 million year old mammal tracks and from around 9:20 until the end you are walking around in the same type of landscape I’m talking about, only deeper reddish purple with greenish gray colors. What created the scenery in the end of that video?

Bump, for notice by Myron Cook @@AdamCourville

You would be right!

FYI the final collision in the Appalachian cycle of which you speak (known as the Alleghenian Orogeny) occurred between 320-260 Ma, which is during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. There were no mountain-building events associated with the Appalachians (nor the Atlas) during the Triassic period. As for the Palisades diabase sills (PS I’m a New Yorker who looks at these awesome rocks every day), they are but a small part of a much, much larger so-called “Large Igneous Province (LIP)” called the “Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP)”-actually at ~11 million sq km areal extent and as much as ~6 million cubic km volume, it is the largest of its kind in the world-which extends all along the entire eastern seaboard of North America, as well as into South America and Northwest Africa. The CAMP basalt lava flows and diabase intrusions were all erupted within a short period of time (the short timeframe is one of the criteria, along with volume, that defines a LIP), within just ~600,000 years at around 201 Ma, right at the boundary of the Triassic and Jurassic periods. And yes, the CAMP eruptions and formation of its associated basins marks the initiation of the “rift” phase that directly preceded the “drift” phase in which the oceanic lithosphere of the Central Atlantic Ocean began to form. The North and South Atlantic opened much later-the South beginning around 135Ma (associated with the eruption of the Paraná-Etendeka LIP) and the North Atlantic around 60Ma (associated with the eruption of the North Atlantic Igneous Province, NAIP). It’s also important to realize that both the modern Appalachian and Atlas Mountains are not the same mountains that were formed during the Perminant-Carboniferous Alleghenian Orogeny. The rocks that comprise them were deformed during the Alleghenian Orogeny, but the mountains-the high-relief terrain/landforms themselves-were eroded flat by the Jurassic period. Those Palisades sills you mention-they are sills intruded underground into a shallow part of the crust, but there are surface lavas associated with them in New Jersey as well, and they are interbedded with marine and alluvial sediments. Those lavas were erupted at or around sea level right at the beginning of the Jurassic period, the same lavas and sills are just a few dozen miles across New Jersey from the Alleghanian-deformed rocks of the Poconos. A combination of erosion and extension completely destroyed the original mountains formed during the Alleghenian Orogeny, and the land stayed at low relief until recent geological history. Whatever high relief we see in the Applachians today was created as recently as the Miocene period (no older than 23 Ma), and is associated with isostatic uplift in the hinterland due to loading of the Eastern North American passive margin and tectonic flexure in the south, as well as later Jurassic and Cretaceous igneous intrusions in the north (White Mountains, for example). The Atlas Mountains were similarly completely destroyed by the Jurassic era, and the modern high relief of those mountains is rather associated with the recent Cenozoic collision of Africa with Europe, along with the creation of the Betic and Rif mountains in southern Spain and Morocco. So again, while the rocks that comprise the modern-day Appalachians and Atlas Mountains and exist at the surface today _were_ deformed (deep in the earth’s crust) during the Alleghenian Orogeny, the mountains themselves, that is, the landforms and high relief we call the Appalachian and Atlas Mountains, are comparatively very young, their current relief beginning to form as recently as 20 Ma and exacerbated by extensive erosion and hydrological processes during the Pleistocene glaciations (the Appalachians were only glaciated in the North, and it may surprise you to know that the Atlas Mountains were affected by Alpine glaciation during the Pleistocene). There is a lot of misunderstanding out there about the age of the Appalachians, and it is still erroneously taught even in college-level geological history classes. The phrase “the oldest mountains in the world” often comes up-they are not. Mountains themselves are always young geological features, among the youngest on earth, constantly shaped by active tectonic and erosional processes-otherwise they get eroded down to nothing in a few dozens of millions of years. The rocks that make up the mountains are older, but they themselves are not even that old, geologically-speaking. As Myron explained in this video, the modern Appalachians are mostly folded and eroded or dissected Paleozoic sediments shed off of ancient, long-gone mountains. If you would like more information on this topic, I suggest checking out the work of Dr. Robert Hatcher, an emeritus professor of geology at the University of Tennessee Knoxville. He has spent his entire career studying and decoding the history of the Appalachian mountains and their associated orogenic events. He actually has a couple of great lectures on RU-vid I would recommend, one of them is called “How Young Are The Appalachian Mountains?”, and it presents the argument I laid out above, with all of the supporting evidence for why they should actually be known as a relatively young mountain range, and not “the oldest mountains in the world”. If you search for his name and that title I am confident you will easily find it!

Hope you enjoy it!

Thanks again!

fascinating

Thank you!

@@myroncook, if I was still homeschooling my children, we would be watching your videos to supplement our science curriculum. Our youngest of five is in public highschool now, the rest of have graduated.

thanks!

Keep on learning!

Glad you enjoy it!

Thank you for your feedback! Maybe on the Sphinx

Thank you!

Great to hear!

Thank you for sharing.

Thanks!

Thanks!

Glad you like them!

Thank you!