Atmospheric Chemistry 

Fran is brilliant at clearly explaining complex topics,engineering,atmospheric chemistry dynamics,,we're so fortunate to have her.Thank you Fran

We recently had a top official expressing his disbelief that propellants for hair spray could even "escape" out of the "closed rooms" they were used in. As I recall he was lamenting the fact that he couldn't find good old hair spray anymore. I think he went on to talk about low flow toilets. Wish my memory was just making this stuff up. Scary. Super scary.

Minor correction. Water vapor, which doesn't contain any carbon, is also a strong greenhouse gas. It's a major part of the reason that the atmospheric transmissivity has an unstable equilibrium. Higher temperature -> more water in vapor state -> less infrared escape from atmosphere -> higher temperatures.

That's good news - while the ozone layer depletion is getting solved, we're running into other problems. Fossil fuel depletion, greenhouse gases, particulate matter pollution and rare metals becoming rarer and rarer... No rest for the wicked. Thanks for explaining how the CFCs affect the environment and it's not just CO2 that causes the greenhouse effect. 7:08 more like free radicals (they have an unpaired electron on the valence shell), extremely reactive and unstable. And that one about Exxon should really be the lesson for all of us. Plainly difficult, maybe... but we always have to ask ourselves that question: why are denialists so popular now? Who stands behind them? Same for other conspiracy ideologists. I was passionate about chemistry in my middle and high school, did a lot of experimenting in my own lab. Then I studied and got master's degree in chemical engineering. Never gets old.

Fran is one of the most natural teachers I have ever seen. It is SO much better when a teach is passionate about the subject. She should probably be teaching somewhere. But, I suppose, that's exactly what she is doing.

Currently, Earth is the ONLY ONE bubble we can live and survive on. I am 💯 for keeping our home habitable and breathable!

Thanks... We're in a time of change regardless if we act or not. It'll go better for us if we act.

~45% of this country thinks that the earth is 6000 years old. We have an education or intellect problem.

this is my favorite channel. she's so smart. thanks for the easter egg.

Thank you. I meet so many people claiming climate change defies science, but can't methodically, step by step explain how that is so. I've no idea who you are in real life, but I've always loved how you think🖖🏾

That’ll be Big Clive and his ozone generators.

Thanks! Enjoyed good news 👍

That was a great explanation of how ozone depletion happens. I was around in the 80s when this was all happening, but I never heard such a complete explanation of what was going on.

Note though the CFC's also are used as anesthetic gases still, much more effective than any other anesthetic gas, and non flammable makes them wanted in hospital use. Thus there is still a production of them for this, and this use is unlikely to be ever replaced. Note the major release of CFC gases was in making of polystyrene packaging, where it was literally used once before being dumped, while the refrigerant use was a lot lower volume. Also was used as an industrial cleaner, because it is an incredibly good non polar solvent, and leaves no residue on surfaces after use. Incidentally still being made, and used as a precursor for many industrial processes still, and unable to be replaced, though there it is very much recycled. Also still a component of some of the speciality refrigerants, where there is literally nothing else that works in that application, and medical uses do need ultra low temperature freezers, that still use CFC gas as the refrigerant.

Great explanations Fran. Thank you for doing this.

The Mortimer is such a great book. It was my first chemistry book that really provided some useful insight.

Great science lesson Fran. I wish I had you at school to teach me physics back in 1981. It would have been a much more positive experience.

This should be required viewing in all middle and high school science classes. Well done! Edit: well, not we’ll. Pesky autocorrect!

"Got Styrofoam boxes for the ozone layer Got a man of the people, says keep hope alive Got fuel to burn, got roads to drive"...

Thanks for some good news Fran.

It's only been a few hours, but I'm glad you haven't had to turn comments off yet. Slightly encouraging sign for the future.

Thank you for addressing this. It is so important and we are not paying attention.

Love you, Fran - thanks for this share.

Great video, hopefully as The Ozone Layer heals, it will compound and heal faster than predicted.

It's nice to see somewhere the Murdoch press doesn't have a monopoly!

Very informative, do you have any comments on the earth’s core stopping or any possible affects it may have? Thanks

When dealing with "Climate Change" I think it is important to separate out what might be anthropomorphic (man-caused) and what isn't. There is no doubt that a vast amount of "climate change" occurred long before man was on the scene. it would be unreasonable to think that natural climate change magically stopped with the onset of man and that all subsequent change is due to man. The other thing to consider are the various political agendas. And one of the biggest is to hobble the "developed" nations, and especially the U.S., and to let "developing" nations have free reign on their pollution. You can argue the politics of that on either side if you wish, but that part of it is certainly not scientific.

Wow Fran. This episode was fantastic. Once again i am so much smarter. Thanks

nice explanation! thanks

In one of "The Drew Carey Show" episodes it is very cold outside, and Drew Carey comes out with some spray can of something. He sprays and sprays it into the air and says, "The hell with the grandkids, I'm cold now!" The joke being he can somehow influence the ozone layer to an extent that he will be warmer. I'm sure many manufacturers cringed because this show was well after chlorofluorocarbons had been phased out.

I like a planet with a happy atmosphere.

More more more thx Fran.... if my high school/college profs explained things like you just did I might of payed more attention

CFC-11 was the second most abundant CFCs and was initially seen to be declining as expected. However in 2018 a team of researchers monitoring the atmosphere found that the rate of decline had slowed by about 50% after 2012. Further detective work in China by the Environmental Investigation Agency in 2018 seemed to indicate that the country was indeed the source. They found that the illegal chemical was used in the majority of the polyurethane insulation produced by firms they contacted. One seller of CFC-11 estimated that 70% of China's domestic sales used the illegal gas. The reason was quite simple - CFC-11 is better quality and much cheaper than the alternatives. This new paper seems to confirm beyond any reasonable doubt that some 40-60% of the increase in emissions is coming from provinces in eastern China.

It never gets old. Neither does watching your channel(s).🙂

Bravo! Well said.

This is ok if you're now just being born. Me, I'll be long gone. But who knows for sure. On the right track if some maniac doesn't do something stupid. Those old CFC refrigerators worked perfect & the old car A/C units. You were actually cool in your car on a trip. Good stuff Fran. Better than my school teachers were back in the day.

Stupid question, but why dont people use an ozone generator to help heal the ozone layer?

Science is not something to be belief, but understood , comprehended and then debated. Those how say they don't belief , don't undersstand what science is.

Another notable situation was the Cuyahoga River which caught fire on occasion. This was one of the more obvious events (didn't require a lot of scientific data) that raised the national consciousness and led to the creation of the EPA. There was also at the time some federal definition of "water" that was modified to include that it must be "nonflammable" which was so ridiculous in concept that Mad Magazine was motivated to make some fun of the situation. They had a faux report on the "Big Water River". it was, of course, satire but not without some basis. One of the more amusing discoveries in the testing was the presence of "fist sized fecal coliform bacteria."

Great News!! But when are we going to next see Fran do something in the Lab?

I believe that the early atmosphere is thought to have been primarily carbon dioxide and nitrogen, not ammonia and methane.

Thank you! 👍 BTW, why don't you teach chemistry anymore (in the USA)? Could you please explicate that at some point? And what is your take on the new Chinese study about the Earth's inner core and it's suggestion that the inner-core rotation has recently paused? Thanks in advance for that one! 😃

Northeast Ohio 1960's-70's winters.....brutal. Now? It was 40f yesterday, 9 now, 50f in a couple days. Where's my snow?????

fascinating ;-) ... but to many people science and truth are inconvenient noise to their daily lives until it is too late to change!

' let's keep the climate as it is because we're used to it' is probably the most inane thing a human being can say. We've had a recognizable atmosphere on earth for over 4 billion years and in all that time the climate as never 'not' been changing... and we're going to keep it from changing because 'we're used to it as it is' . During the Jurassic period there was up 30 times more CO2 in our atmosphere and guess what... life thrived and the sea's did 'not' boil away!!!!!

What’s the chance of being able to use trichloroethane again for cleaning circuit boards?

Right now i wouldnt mind going back to the pre-cambrian and the 50 foot tall ferns, when the CO2 was really high (so ya, it's 10 degrees F and it makes me unreasonable haha)

I would happily take a ozone hole over Los Angeles if we could have R12 back.

Fran... you are simply... cool. ❤️

well said

Oh shit you open my eyes to whfirsand and t y to care about the Climate change is very important. When they talk about that in school it was confusing And didn't understand it but they way you broke it down it got thru my mind so thank you.

What about teaching Economy and History so when students become voters know who to vote?

CFCs were used in an amazing variety of ways in the past. I had Cold Power toys that ran on automotive freon. I think CFCs are still used in inhalers, but I'm not sure. Getting an entire planet to change its ways isn't easy...possible, but not easy.

You should do a "Ted Talk" on this!

Just in time to negate the need for Robocop "Sunblock 5000".

I hope you don't have to turn off comments!!!!👍👍

❤❤❤

👍🏻👍🏻

They all forget about the carbon cycle.

What ever to do about those factories in china...

After the ozone layer is healed, we'll be living in Antarctica due to global warming, so that's nice?

Fran, I wish you lived next door to me so we could be friends.

Remember that getting back to 1980's levels means getting back to a time when the hole was observed to be there. Still a very long way to go to actual heal the planet.

When half the worlds a desert, cannibals eat human brains for dessert!

if we cant get china onboard with saving the planet what is the use...

The earth has been going through a natural climate change throughout the history of the earth and will continue to do so.

You are a modern god Fran 😊

Change is healthy.

*Propellent*

Yes, ice on land will raise the oceans when it melts. Greenland, Antarctica. At the rate we’re going, New Orleans will be under water in

Yahoo!🥰🤔

at 5:55 you explained why life didnt start on earth as a single cell in the perfect conditions...in fact the environment was harsh and adverse, the first cell didnt have food to eat either, pretty hard for a cell to magically form in a harsh condition from anomaly making the bald eagle and rain Forrest when it never had a glucose source, or protein chain, it didnt exist yet....I'm not smoking down some religion theology of existence, things obviously evolve and adapt to profound levels. Only life on earth never started on earth

Unfortunately you are preaching to the choir. I know it's happening. But there are MANY people who just say "Nope" "Not happening". And as Billy Joel said "And we would all go down together" I remember going to school in the 70's and they were telling us about the greenhouse effect. But they wouldn't let them say that we were getting there soon. That was the oil companies that did that.

This gives me hope for future generations. I mean, we'll have to wait until all the climate change denying dinosaurs go extinct to see some real action, and they'll probably take a couple of billion people with them thanks to the accelerating natural disasters. But eventually they'll get there.

yeah the ozone is better cause we switched the coolant to an even more inefficient type of refrigerant...but it doesn't deplete the ozone it just contributes to green house gases. So when those get bad they will which back to the ozone deleting mix...and on and on as usual. But hey you want and need that AC right....Now i have to live through ozone warnings in my area warning me about to much ozone in the air. I hope they switch back again soon so the next generation can hear about the dangerous green house gas build up. Its a giant scam and they figured it out decades ago. 50 yrs of the sky is falling being promised....nothing happened. What a bummer i really was hoping it would end in total nuclear annihilation. oh then it was water world....I waited for the end of the suffering but it never happened. great episode.