AVRDUDE: Tool to flash AVR microcontrollers [ATMega328/Arduino] 

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AVRDUDE is an open source tool used to program the on-chip memory of AVR microcontrollers. It can program flash and eeprom. If serial programming protocol is supported, it can be used to program fuse and lock bits.
AVRDUDE can be used in two modes - command line and interactive mode. Command line mode is preferred to read or write the entire memory from a file. Interactive mode is used for exploring the memory content, modifying individual byte of eeprom, programming fuse and lock bits etc.
AVRDUDE provides various option to work with and can be listed with avrdude -? command. Let's look at the a few options which we shall be using across our projects.