Bromine and Iodine

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A long while ago, I made a collection of ampoules for the elemental halogens (at least, the ones that can be safely synthesised). A little dissapointed in the size and quality of these samples, I reattempt the syntheses of bromine and iodine to make a neater collection.
You can find the NurdRage and NileRed videos on the reactions I've utilised here:
NurdRage - Make Iodine from Sulfuric acid and Alkali Metal Iodide:
• Make Iodine from Sulfu...
NileRed - Making bromine from pool supplies:
• Making bromine from po...
You can also see my video on making the chlorine ampoule here (warning - it's from a while ago):
Making Chlorine - • Making Chlorine
And if you're really keen, you can watch my previous bromine and iodine synthesis videos here (these videos are even older):
Making Bromine - • Making Bromine
Making Iodine - • Making Iodine

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1 окт 2024

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Комментарии : 71

@114amm 7 месяцев назад

I’ve worked at my college’s chemistry demonstration department for some years and all of the iodine ampules I’ve seen there have iodine stuck to the glass. It clears up if you take a heat gun to it but it always seems to return.

@herrhaber9076 7 месяцев назад

Doesnt that simply happens because iodine sublimates ?

@WaffleStaffel 7 месяцев назад

@@herrhaber9076 I wonder if it's electrostatically attracted. It seems to be. When I sublimated iodine, I used room temperature water, above the dew-point. The condensation would invariably stick to the I2 otherwise. Over time I2 will sublimate and stick to the glass anyway. I have a bottle that's been sitting at room temp for 5 years and it now has tiny crystals all the way up to the top.

@ScrapScience 7 месяцев назад

Thanks for the info! At least this means I'm probably not doing anything wrong...

@davidfetter 7 месяцев назад

I just love the way you glided past Tennessine!

@ElectraFlarefire 7 месяцев назад

Noooo! I liked that your solution to EVERY PROBLEM was to apply electrons! Never grow up! Never let go of your dreams!

@ScrapScience 7 месяцев назад

Don't be too concerned - 22 of my next 25 video ideas all rely on electrochemistry in some form. I'm not growing up too fast just yet, haha.

@ElectraFlarefire 7 месяцев назад

@@ScrapScience Oh thank goodness! (Plus I've been enjoying that you approach so much from a different way than other amateur chemists. Electrochemistry is underrepresented in the youtube science field.)

@MAKiTHappen 7 месяцев назад

Yeah, it's a real shame that tennessine is so easy, I would love to see a video about that but the truth is it's so easy that I actually start every single day by accidentally synthesizing tennessine 🙄🙄🙄 1. Wake up 2. Morning coffee 3. Get to work... And whoops whilst making coffee I accidentally synthesized some tennessine Anyhow, great video, amazing as always

@Mati-285 7 месяцев назад

I'm so glad to hear that I'm not the only one struggling to not accidentally synthesize tennessine every morning. It has become a real problem and my family is worried. "What will we do with all these kilograms of analytical-grade tennessine?" they cry. But I have no answer.

@hoggif 7 месяцев назад

Great video, other than using a graham, especially horizontally. I find it a speciality item for special cases (when needed it is great) but practically never use mine because of the many drawbacks. It is not just Tom that thinks they generally suck. They just do.

@ScrapScience 7 месяцев назад

Yeah, it was fun while it lasted... but I don't think I'll be using the Graham again, haha.

@Whatisuswold 7 месяцев назад

I have a suggestion to create effective h2so4. that is to create an available source of so2 and pass through a 1 mol/liter hcl solution or ph =0 or higher. So2 gas is bubbled with tiny bubbles into the porous carbon anode by electrolysis of the graphite rod with 10% naoh solution at 2 amperes for 30 minutes. reaction occurs. 2hcl ---> 2h+ + 2cl- cathode: 2h+ +2e---> h2 anode: 2cl- ----> cl2 + 2e then: cl2 + so2 + h20 ---> h2so4 + 2hcl Summary: so2 + h2o + h2o ---> h2so4 + h2 Finally titrate with bacl2. Wishing you success, ho ho

@Whatisuswold 7 месяцев назад

I think if you want to make alkali metals like sodium potassium etc then the weakest factor is the electrical flux. limited to a maximum of 8 amps. I also produced these metals with a 60 amp honeycomb source for 1 hour continuously and only obtained 28.61 grams of pure sodium corresponding to 1.16 mol. pretty bad.and I urge you to buy a pulse set that has a tuner attached and measures volts and amperage. and finally turn off the devices in the house when not in use. great success haha

@Whatisuswold 7 месяцев назад

I think if you want to make alkali metals like sodium potassium etc then the weakest factor is the electrical flux. limited to a maximum of 8 amps. I also produced these metals with a 60 amp honeycomb source for 1 hour continuously and only obtained 21 grams of pure sodium corresponding to 0.96 mol. pretty bad.and I urge you to buy a pulse set that has a tuner attached and measures volts and amperage. and finally turn off the devices in the house when not in use. great success haha

@tonyreptilesrfriends9329 7 месяцев назад

I love using the Graham condesors, they don't explode, well if they do you've over boiled the crap out of the reaction cell, that's users fault lol

@Tonyneg 7 месяцев назад

They objectively are the worst. Unless completely vertical, they will make vapor locks between the separation of any condensed liquids in the coil.

@TomsBackyardWorkshop 7 месяцев назад

Ive read that Iodine can sublimate at room temperature That could explain the low yield and possibly the sticking.

@nunyabisnass1141 7 месяцев назад

Iodine also does have a liquid state, and under pressure it will be easier for it to achieve that, so it's plausible that it will "wet" a surface under those conditions.

@johnslugger 7 месяцев назад

*True, and its fumes are TOXIC!!!*

@tnebt 7 месяцев назад

This is actually a common misconception. At 1 atm iodine will go from solid to liquid to gas with (sufficient) heating. Of course under vacuum it can sublimate (sublime) - below 0.12 atm. The more we know 🙂

@johnslugger 7 месяцев назад

@@tnebt *I just keep my Iodine crystals stored under some DI water and NO MORE iodine-odor in my lab.*

@nilamotk 6 месяцев назад

Did you wash all the residual acid off with water? Maybe that's why its sticky? The trapped liquid in the graham condenser can cause glass to explode if the solution starts to bump.

@flyingshards595 7 месяцев назад

Nice job! I've always liked the condenser too, for some things :)

@Mati-285 7 месяцев назад

Chemical synthesis without electricity? Is that even legal??? 🤪 I found your channel just a few weeks ago; this is the first new video you've posted since then. I've already watched about two dozen of your older videos, though! I really like that your procedures don't require esoteric or inaccessible reagents. Cheers!

@Angrychemist666-g4x 7 месяцев назад

You so did that iodine WRONG! You should have had an huge amount of iodine but#1 You're supposed to use hcl than h2o2, not h2so4 😂😂😂😂50 grams should have made 50grams worth! 😂😂😂😂 #2 What's with the ice bath???😂😂😂I've made thousands of grams of iodine and I've never used an ice bath, nor have any of my associates, nor does most of the RU-vid chemistry community 😂😂😂😂

@Whatisuswold 7 месяцев назад

Mong bạn đọc bình luận của tôi. VIETNAM😊

@DaftyBoi412 6 месяцев назад

I just recently got a shiney new power supply ... for electronics stuff .. but just ealier realised it's going to allow me to do a bunch of cool electrolytic chemistry too if I so wish .... hmmm :D

@oxoniumgirl 7 месяцев назад

Iodine sticks to glass whenever the iodine is moist or impure, or when the glass has adsorbed moisture or contaminants on it. It seems your ampouling glass was not very clean, which led to the iodine sticking. Cleaning with acetone, then water, then piranha or sulfuric acid, then distilled water, and finally drying over clean flame should prep the glass adequately.

@oxoniumgirl 7 месяцев назад

Btw, if you invert the iodine ampoule and gently heat it with a water or oil bath you can liquify/sublimate and recrystallize the iodine in situ and it will look a lot nicer. Well done though!

@Angrychemist666-g4x 7 месяцев назад

Omg! What are you doing? Why the circus for bromine synthesis?😂😂😂😂😂😂

@crazykitchenswatijais6563 7 месяцев назад

Namaskar big brother you are awesome. Can you help me for making CuFeS2.

@iNerdier 7 месяцев назад

The Graham condenser looks like wild glass blowing skills are needed to make one. Or maybe it’s some kind of cool looking robot that does it all? The coils look too even to be human.

@brfisher1123 7 месяцев назад

I believe fluorine gas can be generated by thermal decomposition of certain higher transition metal fluorides such as cobalt(III) fluoride and manganese(III) fluoride not that I would recommend you doing that due to some major problems that come with dealing with fluorine! ⚠⚠ 1: Fluorine and many of its compounds are nasty stuff! 2: Fluorine is an incredibly powerful oxidizing agent, so much so that it'll immediately set fire to nearly anything it touches and will eat its way out of any glass ampoule you try to put it in making it impractical for you to try to make a fluorine ampoule anyway! 😂😂 ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-TXELwy11uos.html&ab_channel=ChemicalForce

@_shadow_1 6 месяцев назад

So about the iodine sticking to the glass. I think that you need to also dry the glass by heating it and preferably flush it with a dry inert gas as well before placing the dry iodine in the tube to eliminate the moisture that keeps being present in your setup.

@matthewellisor5835 7 месяцев назад

Sorry, I had to pause at "...too trivial..." because I couldn't see through the tears from laughter. I've nearly composed myself and I'll continue but did you ever hear any of the stories of people suffering myocardial infarctions from excessive laughing? Let's think about others before making jokes like that.

@Mona_Lisa123 7 месяцев назад

Skill issue

@good.citizen 7 месяцев назад

condenser looks cool. maybe a couple drops of green dye in the cooling water

@DaftyBoi412 6 месяцев назад

It's really cool how you've got that button to turn off the background music ... xD. :P

@ScrapScience 6 месяцев назад

Didn't even notice that, haha.

@vampirerevin 7 месяцев назад

HAVE REALLY STUPID QUESTION, BUT HOW DO YOU CLEAN YOUR GLASSWARE WHEN YOU ARE FINISHED? ESP THINGS LIKE THE CONDENSERS?? SORRY THE CAPS IS STUCK...

@ScrapScience 7 месяцев назад

For aqueous chemistry like this, rinsing with water into my designated waste container is all that's required. For stubborn stains, each situation calls for something different. For the halogens here, a reducing agent such as sodium metabisulfite solution completely removes any leftovers.

@Angrychemist666-g4x 7 месяцев назад

Because you never properly purified then dried the iodine.

@mrshts 7 месяцев назад

You had me at "I love electrolysis" but then you quickly lost me with the growing up bit.

@ScrapScience 7 месяцев назад

Gotta do something for the broader chemistry audience once in a while... But don't worry, we'll be back to the vastly superior field of electrochemistry very shortly.

@throwaway8164 7 месяцев назад

pure elemental fluorine, i dare you, you wont.

@daniel2anosatras 2 месяца назад

why tf are keck clips so expensiv

@till2911 7 месяцев назад

Can you make Marshall's acid? with it you can supposedly make hydrogen peroxide

@ScrapScience 7 месяцев назад

One day I'll definitely try something with persulfate synthesis, but I'm not sure if making hydrogen peroxide through that route is quite within my capabilities at this stage.

@zenongranatnik8370 7 месяцев назад

@@ScrapScience I've found it mentioned in an old book about amateur chemistry, I was also suprised it was done by an amateur over 50 years ago. Basically the same process as in industry back then (Münchner process): 1. Electrolysis of concentrated ammonium sulfate solution on platinum electrodes in a glass/stoneware contaner to get ammonium persulfate 2. Displacement reaction with potassium bisulfate to precipitate potassium persulfate 3. Potassium persulfate reacts with hot water and you get potassium sulfate and hydrogen peroxide The yields is supposed to be 'very high' but there were no parametres like voltage/current, only 'high current density'.

@Airstrike_lol 7 месяцев назад

awesome video, can you make fluorine tho

@Airstrike_lol 7 месяцев назад

nobody has done it before on yt i think

@yaykruser 7 месяцев назад

cause it involves electrolysis of HF mixed with CaF2. The guys who tried that first all died from it...

@Airstrike_lol 7 месяцев назад

@@yaykruser yes but he should try it, i really wanna See some fluorine even tho its colorless

@ScrapScience 7 месяцев назад

Look, it is definitely interesting, and the experiment itself would be simple enough if I could get the correct materials and reagents, but I don't want to die. If the fluorine itself didn't scare me enough, the anhydrous HF electrolyte definitely does.

@Airstrike_lol 7 месяцев назад

@@ScrapScience make a video about making teflon so you have the materials

@aSCrouton 7 месяцев назад

I will admit my eyebrow raised a bit when i saw the condenser mounted horizontally BUT one thing i always thought is that it getting plugged up should significantly reduce fuming because the vapor is under slight pressure and has more time to cool between coils. I actually think "improper" use may be a good thing. Might not be great for precise fractional distillation/temperature control but i feel like thats actually kind of rare for the amateur

@salamalcamel8381 7 месяцев назад

This is interesting but i think better way to get iodine is to refine it from seaweed. Have you ever tried that?

@ScrapScience 7 месяцев назад

Seaweed is probably up there as one of my greatest foes...

@johnslugger 7 месяцев назад

*The cheapest way to get a bunch of Bromine is to buy Bromine pellets used for sanitizing pools and spas. One 5 gallon pail of pellets can dissolve up to 22 lbs. of Gold. Activate Bromine pellets to a high ORP level with a tiny hourly additions of Acid + H2O2.*

@WaffleStaffel 7 месяцев назад

If I recall correctly, bromo-chloro-whatever is only about 15% bromine. At least in the US, sodium bromide is the cheapest by quantity.

@johnslugger 7 месяцев назад

@@WaffleStaffel *_In the USA the best Formula of spa/pool bromine has 40% active materials. (bromo-chloro-dimethylhydantoin or BCDMH). It becomes hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid in water which dissolves GOLD fast with a little H2O2 added!!! Plus its locally available with no questions asked._*

@WaffleStaffel 7 месяцев назад

@@johnslugger Interesting. I've been meaning to try iodine in gold refining. Bromine may be a cheaper alternative.

@johnslugger 7 месяцев назад

@@WaffleStaffel *I am a Mining Engineer. There is something called "PREG-ROBBING" in Gold leaching. The ORP of bromine needs to be over 950+ for Bromine to work which activates preg-robber agents in the ore like sulfides, arsnic and antimony just to name a few. Iodine however only needs an ORP of 450+ which is not enough to activate any Preg-Robbers. Just mix any Iodine salt with Hydrogen Peroxide and you have a GOLD LEACH! Simple. Electro-Win to remove and Gold and Silver from solution using two carbon rods and a 6 volt motor cycle battery. The negative rod will be full of sticky brown Gold. Hit the brown Gold with a hammer and it turns into SHINNY Gold*

@z2kk 7 месяцев назад

12:18 🤣

@yaykruser 7 месяцев назад

Have you considered adding a small ampule of liquid chlorine to your collection? Making it is actually pretty easy and it looks awesome !

@ScrapScience 7 месяцев назад

I'd love to give it a go one day. I don't quite trust my ampoule-making skills just yet though. It gets hot enough here that the glass would need to withstand >10 atm of pressure on a hot day, and an exploding chlorine ampoule doesn't sound fun... They do look awesome though, I agree.

@yaykruser 7 месяцев назад

@@ScrapScience Well, you have to scale down , your size of ampule would be to dangerous.😅 I have used 7mm /1mm wall thickness boro glass pipes from amazon. They are very easy to seal, this project was my first time glass blowing and abozt half of them sealed and only one blew up at room temp- it was not that bad, slight pop like opening a beer. I tested them by dropping in boiling water and out of the 10 I made 2 blew up, thats the only part where I would say its really dangerous as we have quite the pressure here so put a cup of hot water in a pressure cooker with a hole in the top and lowered them down on a string. Even managed to reach supercriticallity in one ( ~80 atm ). Then just pour in epoxy and you got an awesome chlorine sample :)

@ScrapScience 7 месяцев назад

Hmmm, maybe it's not as difficult as I thought then. I'll add it to my list of projects! Thanks for the description of how you did it!