Cathode Rays Lead to Thomson's Model of the Atom 

LMAOOO

Atom as a plum pudding, electron as a plum

Thomson told think of an atom as a plum pudding not the electron.

Watermelon and Christmas pudding, in our book

Lmao

At first I thought you were talking about the dudes hair Ha!

There's an anode at the other end - that's where they go to. They speed up slowly until they have enough kinetic energy to knock an air molecule (mostly nitrogen) up to a higher energy level. These molecules then drop back to the ground state and emit light. In the mean time the electron's lost all its energy and has to start accelerating again. Hence the breaks in the illumination

eventually the electrons get to the anode, and head around the circuit to do it all again... unless they hook up with another nitrogen or oxygen positive ion and live happily ever after

@@PhilUpOnScience I have a question if the electron have to start accelerate again then why it gives the break in illumination. why all the electrons do not hit the first nitrogen molecule near cathoide? you get what I mean?

@@winproduction7585 They lose their energy in the first collision (which lights up the gas). They don't cause any more illumination until they have again amassed enough energy to knock a molecule up to its first excited state.

I thought this was a vacuum tube. So there shouldn't be any nitrogen or any other air molecule in there, right?

Light, or photons, are emitted from atoms when an electron gets closer to the positive nucleus of an atom. Hope that helped

When High Voltage is passed through electron it excites and goes to unstable level. Then it comes back to a stable level and emits photon(light)

They speed up slowly until they have enough kinetic energy to knock an air molecule (mostly nitrogen) up to a higher energy level. These molecules then drop back to the ground state and emit light. In the mean time the electron's lost all its energy and has to start accelerating again. Hence the breaks in the illumination = "striations"

@@PhilUpOnScience the cathode ray is produced in a vacuum - there are no gas particles

@@patriciahugman5285 It has been pumped down, but not completely. Even in outer space, a vacuum way better than what we can achieve on earth, there are still roughly one particle per cubic centimetre. As the vacuum improves, the dark space and the striations get further apart, as there are fewer particles to collide with.

Pretty old comment

@@ashutronomy3448 old indeed

Actually the brand was Shark 🙂@@maruftim

@@PhilUpOnScience umm okay?

🤝

1) well the first guy expected to see nothing/a spark, once he got this glowy contraption, every other guy wanted to do the same test and subsequently the tests concluded there's this "glow, no matter what metal they used" 2) until then, we thought every element breaks down to its fundamental particle "the atom" which couldn't be broken down to smaller particles. Then they saw this glow and theorized there has to be some tiny _particle_ traveling from the *intact* cathode to the intact anode.. suppose the cathode atoms were travelling through the medium, it'd disintegrate the cathode and accumulate on the anode (like electroplating). An intact cathode meant whatever the particle, was given off by the cathode atoms and travelled through the anode atoms to complete the circuit. And all metals tested had this particle, so a flowing current meant this particle has to be moving through them.

3) it doesn't *become* a photon, one of the loose electron accelerating under the electric field, hits an atom wandering in the vacuum, which imparts it's kinetic energy to a native electron in the atom, such that the native electron of the atom gets excited and jumps to a higher orbit/energy state, (but sans enough energy to rip the native electron out from the atom) which isn't a stable setup/equilibrium) for the atom, Losing its potential energy to settle back to its orbit, the electron pulses out a photon, which in this case is in the visible spectrum. Suppose the air had more of another element than nitrogen, say -calcium vapor or xenon, the electrons that get excited to (the outer orbit electron) jump to a higher orbital, would release a calcium specific color(brick red, I guess)/xenon specific color(dim blue grey) and this can be used to analyse what element constitutes the said gas. Sodium gives bright yellow when its outer electron gets excited.. This also means sodium vapor absords yellow colored radiation best, such that it's electron gets that specific energy to reach that specific orbit.. Same behind JWST analysing the presence of certain gases in distant planets.. All answers are recollection of memory from highschool classes and my guesswork. I'm neither a physics/chem major nor a native English speaker. Kindly excuse and feel free to correct.

1) the negatively charged particles (electrons as we know now) hit the ZnS screen or any other fluorescent material to produce the glow. they also cause the ionization of gases in their path. since all electrons are same, they cause the same glow which led to the conclusion that these negatively charged particles are fundamental quantities of every atom. :) I'm still a student, so I am not very sure about the answers to 2) and 3). Hope this helps. Please correct me if I'm wrong. :)

@@dipteeshukla7 i think you're referring to the gold foil experiment, where a beam of alpha-particles scattered by a thin gold foil, was picked up with the Zn sulphur screen. I'm not sure electrons can be picked up on ZnS screen, also, the glow in this video is seen in vacuum and not on any screen detector.

@@andrewthomas310 but we'll require something to observe them as cathode rays are invisble...

Sarcasm😏😏

​@@IIT__2024are you in any iit?

@@abhinavmartandjha0369 nope

what happened to the paper ? :D

@@sparklypri lol

hope you did well

Go play fortnite

why wouldnt you want to watch this? embrace school. you have no idea how much you will miss it

Ever wonder why they don’t just show us an electron or atom but always want to explain it

@@jayizzett 😂😂 yup.

@@shivaranjanigr4750 it’s all theory … :-/

@@jayizzett what election 😂

@@shivaranjanigr4750 electron. Thank you

for every electron that comes off the cathode, one goes into the anode, so it balances up. This is because the anode and cathode are connected through the power supply. (There are ways you can charge up a cathode and leave it charged though - eventually the electrons get bumped by passing air molecules, taken away, knocked off etc and so the charge dissipates)

Yeah, probably there were a few. Not sure if our voltage was high enough, but the current was low enough to make sure if there were any it was not a large number of them

When there is air inside the tube, the molecules of the air would absorb the energy released by electrons. And so there will be no glow. When there is no air, there is no one to absorb the energy and so the electrons can be seen releasing the excess energy(cathode rays).

science hour But cathode rays are what we call the electrons . They are the one and the same thing .

What makes the glow is the electrons from the gas molecules being excited by the energy of the electron ray (cathode ray). What you see isn't the cathode ray itself, but it's effect on a few gas molecules. If you take away the gas, the cathode ray wil still be there, but you won't be able to see it.

+Daniel Spesani If this is the case then why can't we observe the glow even at a higher pressure (more gas molecules) ? The same occurs when the pressure is considerably low .

Because if the concentration of molecules is big, the energy will be divided among many atoms, thus the energy in each individual atom won't be enough to excite the electrons. Try to imagine that you want to boil some water, but your power source can only give 500 watts. If you put it in a cup of water, it will boil without problem, but if you put it in a lake, the energy won't be enough to boil that much water.

did you find out?

@@daifukuu Read a different comment about camera frame rate making it look like discrete blobs but your eyes would perceive it as continuous. Haven't confirmed but it sounds reasonable

No that's probably just an effect given by the camera only being a certain amount of frames per second. If you looked at it live you would see a continuous line

Not really, because they are matter... unless you take the radioactive radiation definition, in which case beta radiation is electrons, so it kind of fits that categorisation... except it doesn't come from a radioactive element... a bit confusing - it's semantics really...

There's no need for a medium to carry electrons, they just leave the atoms of the cathode (metal at the bottom) and travel to the atoms of the anode (metal at the top).

You need a bit of medium inside if you want to see the rays. Electron beams are invisible to human eye. They appear to be visible because they excite the gas atoms in their path which in turn emit photons/light when they de-excite/capture an electron.

Yashas Samaga You're absolutely right. However, the OP asked which medium "carried" the electrons, and there's no need for a medium to "carry" them. I was answering that question.

This was on my home page, soo why not watch it.

* one year ago actually...

No 5 months

Because a constant voltage is supplied...

158,005view 937th like 21 july 2016 at 23:58 Wow! what are the odds?! 0-0

+Ashish Parihar When electricity was discovered, they had to decide on a notation, so they decided on + for the anode and - for the cathode. Later on we discovered that electrons were the reason that electricity, flowed, and it was flowing differently than we expected. Electricians still use the "conventional" (i.e. incorrect) notation of + for anode and - for cathode, even though it's not really accurate. When you connect a bulb to a battery, it flows from - to +. This is DC (direct current). When you connect a bulb to the wall, the + and - are switching constantly (60 times a second in the US and 50 times a second elsewhere). This is called AC (alternating current). Your body has a capacitance, which means if you put electricity through it, it will charge up and electricity will start to be blocked. This is why batteries, even really big batteries, don't hurt you when you touch them. Since the AC power from the wall is constantly going back and forth, it charges and discharges capacitors (like your body) very fast, and it can have a greater effect. Ultimately, it's the electricity that tenses up the wrong muscles (like your heart) that causes problems. Hope this answers some of your questions.

@@DaffyDaffyDaffy33322 well explained

@@DaffyDaffyDaffy33322 very well explained

wooooooooooow!!!!!!!!!

@@ashrit9991 -_-

You can’t exactly “see” those particles if they’re moving nearly at the speed of light.

the electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms are released more easily. metals are conductors ie allow the flow of electrons.

Thank you

no, they got blasted with beta rays