CH, TwoSun,Green Thorn, Tuyaknife Knives get blade steel tested We have the results !

Подписаться 50 тыс.

Просмотров 32 тыс.

50% 1

CH, TwoSun,Green Thorn, Tuyaknife Knives get tested We have the results !
How an XRF Analyzer works: www.bruker.com...
Why carbon and other light elements are not detected with the XRF Analyzer: www.pxrfs.com....
Steel Test video batch 1: • CH, TwoSun,Green Thorn...
Steel Test video batch 2: • Chinese knives steel t...
Steel Test video batch 3: • Knife Testing Results ...
Steel Test video batch 4: • Knife Test Results Bat...
Steel Test video batch 5: • Knife Testing Results ...
10% Discount Code on WMK is: LTK
Link to White Mountain Knives Website:whitemountainkn...
Knife sharpening service
Kevin Lewis JR
Email: bevelknifesharpening@gmail.com
Facebook.com/BevelKnifeSharpening/
My email address : luvthemknives@gmail.com
My instagram / luvthemknives

Опубликовано:

2 окт 2024

Ссылка:

Скачать:

Готовим ссылку...

Добавить в:

Мой плейлист

Посмотреть позже

Комментарии : 241

@LuvThemKnives 5 лет назад

How an XRF Analyzer works: www.bruker.com/products/x-ray-diffraction-and-elemental-analysis/handheld-xrf/how-xrf-works.html Why carbon and other light elements are not detected with the XRF Analyzer: www.pxrfs.com.au/light-elements-difficult-measure-portable-xrf/ Steel Test video batch 1:ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-Nh4rjoeY748.html Steel Test video batch 2: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-cqsvN3XtYEQ.html Steel Test video batch 3:ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-JWCNV8Ipaus.html Steel Test video batch 4:ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-LsThV3AjXv8.html Steel Test video batch 5:ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-X0Jtb28VPc0.html

@ManyGods 3 года назад

Can you get an Eafengrow EF64 tested I don’t think it’s D2

@LuvThemKnives 3 года назад

@@ManyGods You can send one to me and I’ll test it. Thanks

@ПашаТретяк 4 месяца назад

👍 thenks

@mklein5179 6 лет назад

This is like watching a jerry springer paternity test show!! Great info

@Jimatuscc 4 года назад

mklein5179? You are NOT the father.

@Spectt84 6 лет назад

Wow. Great job. I think you are settling a years old debate... The conclusion is the Chinese ARE in fact a bit more honest than people give them credit for (seems people want to doubt them 100% of the time). I bet if you tested a bunch of America companies there would be outliers in the results as well. The Chinese are making an attempt to make a good product and not just trying to steal your money...

@galancerbacksu5732 5 лет назад

Dude, I am a Chinese and I can tell you the fact that debate about D2 is still a big problem in China. We have a domestic produced steel called Cr12MoV which is very very similar to D2. Some people think they are the same stuff but others claim they are not. In fact, this issue comes from some bad dealers sell domestic Cr12MoV stuff but mislabel them as "imported D2 from the USA", or"imported SKD-11 from Japan" and sell them at a higher price. It is believed that D2 & SKD-11 is better heat treated and performed better at edge rentention than Cr12MoV from China, and Cedric&Ada 's test.had given us a persuading result.(ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-XMeMNNCbRU4.html) I do not know when it did happen, but today some Chinese still keep the opinion that "If it is D2/ SKD-11/Cr12MoV, then it should come from the USA/ Japan/ China ". I don't care that issue, but some of my friends do.

@pop4803 6 лет назад

Thank you Kurt and LTK this is pulling back the mysterious curtain that's always hung over these chinese brands. We love it.

@Voodicus 6 лет назад

You already knew this for years, your suspicions were correct.

@thomastsunami3422 6 лет назад

Thank you LuThKns' for the service you do for all of us knife junkies !

@richardjones1743 6 лет назад

That's awesome LTK you care enough about what you do that's led you to this and that just speaks to how much and how far you'll go to provide credibility!! You got my interest brother!!

@bubbapeppers4354 6 лет назад

This data is freakin awesome... thanks a lot LTK... you deserve 20K followers!!!

@pbcb561 6 лет назад

Great stuff, LTK. Can't wait to see more test results. About the titanium, is Ti6-4 the same as 6Al4V titanium? That's the type of titanium that you usually see in knives. Also I thought TC4 was just the Chinese designation for 6Al4V titanium. A Russian RU-vidr tested some Green Thorn knives and also found the materials to be legit. From his testing he found that the titanium needed to be cleaned and sanded down as the surface had some impurities, possibly from the manufacturing process (e.g. blasting w/alumina media). There was also mention of some sort of coating on the titanium, perhaps related to coloring. So in the future you might want to take that into consideration and that might explain the inconsistent results.

@LuvThemKnives 6 лет назад

D Kim I’ll check it out. Thanks

@darshankumardave7485 6 лет назад

All ch are little soft for the respective steel. May be you can pass on the word to Mr Ping. I am sure if he watches this video, he may want to improve his heat treat. If ganzo can heat treat D2 to 62hrc I am sure he can too.

@陈平-o3m 6 лет назад

Thank you for your advice, mainly considering the overall performance, so the hardness has been reduced! Simply pursuing hardness will lose some good things! In the future, this hardness will be improved a little bit!

@timpande6900 5 лет назад

@@陈平-o3m you sir, make a phenomenal knife. I have a 3504 g10, 3509 titanium, 2008 toucans, and 3001 titanium, all fantastic knives my friend, I want to buy all the ch knives available!!!!!

@diogallardo6505 5 лет назад

wow good job i think you are the first youtube channel to this im subscribing

@LuvThemKnives 5 лет назад

DIO GALLARDO I’ll be doing more testing soon. Thanks

@blairtaylor9552 6 лет назад

Asian manufacturers knew this testing would come to be, so of course they're using legitimate blade steel. If the tests would have failed, then so too would have their reputation, and all future sales! Not worth it NOT to use the real deal! My favorite carry so far is still my anodized Green Thorn 'Shiro' 95T with M390 for under $300 :-) . We all thank you for this video! (well.... maybe not the over-priced brand name manufacturers....). Awesomeness.

@milfordtrethowan2474 6 лет назад

Ltk pushing the other knife channels out of the way !! Great work with info we all wanted.Your the man🤩😎

@MrGeerbear 6 лет назад

LTK- This is a great service to the knife community. Snobs won't like the results, but people have to realize that China has to improve the quality of their products as Vietnam is now becoming the place for low wage production. China is following the South Korean model from the 1990's. Kudos to you and Kurt for doing this. One of the most important videos ever done in the knife community. I guess Nick Shabazz can't mock CHa knives anymore.Great stuff. Anybody else having problems with RU-vid chopping up their posts?

@edgblades 6 лет назад

So great that you were able to get this done, I had little doubt. Thank you Kurt & LTK

@ScottieG59 6 лет назад

I wonder if any here do differential heat treatment. I have heard some makers have a lower hrc toward the base of folders for fine tuning the blade position.

@WColdblooded357W 6 лет назад

Lmao this just goes to show how hard we get raped by certain companies on their prices.

@aalbino8636 6 лет назад

Wow that’s awesome LTK. You answered A LOT of people’s questions. Just awesome great work!!

@Chineseknives 6 лет назад

And the CH 3001 is real D2? And the HRC?. I am thinking about getting it but i only want good pieces for my channel.

@Jimatuscc 4 года назад

If M390 doesn't harden any better than D2 or other common blade metals, why pay a premium for it?

@geskridge1 6 лет назад

Really great info. Thanks for putting in the work brother. Glad to hear that my twosun and CH knives are what they claim to be.

@MrPINKFL0YD Год назад

wowww fate! I spent a lot of time with Alli looking at the steel of these makes thinking it can't be real. Subscribed to your channel

@rickkerans8485 6 лет назад

Amazing all but 1 was the steel it said it was and a couple were a few tenths off in hardness. Eventhough you said all along you were not saying for sure that the steel was as advertised that you were going off what the company said. It has to feel good and I am glad to see it. Do I think it will silence the haters unfortunately not because they have their minds made up. They will come up with something like a conspiracy theory or something. Haters will hate and evidence doesn't matter. Too bad it is their loss on enjoying some good knives at great price. Keep it up my friend love the videos.

@diegomaximopresaspomato7979 Год назад

Thank you, great video

@waveman0 6 лет назад

True Talon (Australia) had the TuyaKnife Shuriken M390 tested and it is certified true M390 (and HRC tested which was 63 from memory) so it would be a good 'baseline' knife for your comparison.

@jameslafarlette8534 6 лет назад

thanks ltk, appreciate it. you know i do alit of cutting with my cheaper ganzos, on cardboard fiber strapping and tape you name it. they stand up really well I've easly had $70.00 dollar name brand knives fail through a half a day.

@Stassa23 6 лет назад

Great video as always and very interesting findings 👌

@Omega17TheTrue 6 лет назад

Excellent work!

@KnifeKrazy. 6 лет назад

Great video. Very interesting.

@SteveKluver 6 лет назад

Thank you LTK. Great work! I've sent about three knives out, in the past couple of years. They've all come back good. One was a Y-Start knife. One was a Green Thorn, and I can't remember the third one at the moment? I have access to a hardness tester, next door. So I do that much more often. But when I do use it. It has been mostly to test Spyderco's high-end stuff. Like Maxamet, K390, PMA11, CPM S110V, and most recently. The REX 45 PM2. It tested at 66.5! You should have seen the look on my face! : - ) I should do a CH 3504 D2 this week. Now that you've brought this up again. P.S. - I played with my Green Thorn F95, while watching this video. That thing, is so snappy, and smoooooth!

@ocomegashadowstacking5886 6 лет назад

Really awesome set of knifes review in video you have LTK !!!😊✌

@Federalwaywebbs 5 лет назад

Hey LTK, I can't quite afford the CH2008 Toucan. Saving up. I only see one review of this knife on YT and I don't speak Russian. Have you seen this knife or done a review of it? I'm a huge fan of front flippers and am looking for a review in English. Ring a bell? It doesn't even have any reviews on Amazon

@LuvThemKnives 5 лет назад

Yondering I don’t have the titanium version but I have the G10 Toucan. I’ll be doing a review soon.

@MikeUman 6 лет назад

First, I have to say, this is the most thrilling video I've ever seen on your channel. I haven't even made it 2/3 of the way thru the video yet, and I'm excited. I just saw the test results on the CH3507, which I have, and, am super excited, because, this has been one of my top five favorites since I took possession of it. A wonderful knife, and, now, well worth the $120.00 I paid for it. I see you've recently seen it, and, the price is still the same. Awesome! Thanks for doing this, LTK. You've done the Chinese knife collectors a huuuge service here!

@Tenskwatawa4U 6 лет назад

Best show yet, El Tique! Even the glossy knife mags can't (won't) do this. Luv Them Knives RULES!

@fernandozamorano5579 6 лет назад

Muy interesante .Saludos

@mt_baldwin 6 лет назад

Oh no! The haters are proven wrong! Now they'll have think up another excuse for hating these knives. But I'm sure they'll find something, Nick Shabazz has a library's worth of nonsense excuses to hate these kind of knives (no I don't think Nick is anti Chinese, he's a straight up elitist, if ganzo cost $100+ or Ch knives $250+ he'd love them).

@touofthehighplains 6 лет назад

They haven't been proven wrong. Thus video shows you still need to be skeptical. TwoSun is probably g2g. But More testing is needed. This video shows there are knife companies that lie.

@MrWoodyBalto 6 лет назад

Thank's, What a great video. I appreciate all the time and effort you have put into this. I would not be surprised if the Y-Start and Fura results are not something they will be proud of :) I think maybe some manufactures are watching this, are saying, O Shit! I hope he doesn't have ours tested lol. Lastly, I'm sure some cry babies will watch these results and say you still can't trust these brands because they might switch the steel without notice. ohhh, You should send some more (trusted) brands to be tested. What a scandal le it would be if they were passing off lesser steel as high end. lol

@hanren 6 лет назад

LTK, how about testing some of those Samier Knives like the cleaver or Redencion clone to see if their claims of CTS-XHP and S35VN are true? I always wondered about those

@LuvThemKnives 6 лет назад

hanren If you have one you want tested. Just let me know

@StagnantMizu 5 лет назад

can you test jufule?

@LuvThemKnives 5 лет назад

Mugen I can if I had one to test. If you’re interested and you have one to test just contact me. Thanks

@ESLAMEID 6 лет назад

Dear LTK. Where is twosun ts89? You promised to show. I bought one and it is in the way. Cannot wait for seeing it on camira. Luv you

@LuvThemKnives 6 лет назад

ESLAMEID It’s listed now. Thanks

@Hungrybird474 2 года назад

This video has impacted everyone who buys knives today and someone needs to take up the helm and do this quarterly or bi annually . I ll even help if I can . This is important to pull some possible suspected junk steels . I really feel it’s important to continue

@StefanoVanzo 6 лет назад

This is an awesome job! Thanks for sharing , i really appreciate ...thumbs down for you.....joking...Up all the way!! :D Well done man!

@jesperwm1845 6 лет назад

Thanks for the video, nice with some useful information. It might be fun to test the knife you have reviewed with m390 and the price goes from 80-130 $ I do not remember the exact name of the knife, perhaps Radiation or souch

@Shanes_Sharp_Sheet 6 лет назад

Yeah thanx kurt!!! That was mighty cool of you to do that!!!, thanx alot for your time!! Awsome!!

@Shanes_Sharp_Sheet 6 лет назад

@jcoolG19 lol! That's a heck of a deal!

@Tenskwatawa4U 6 лет назад

Those Rc figures seem right in line with what been published about M390.

@heli0s2003 Год назад

I bought a green thorn Rexford design off eBay for $56. After I made the purchased, I thought, what did I just buy? So I googled, and found your video. Now I'm more informed. One side of the blade, in the pics, shows "rexford design, 0801cx, m390". The other side just has a logo that says "zt". If its real m390, im happy. Sucks that they steal other knife designs though. I had no idea analyzers like that existed. Pretty awesome stuff.

@jdisdetermined 7 месяцев назад

That's an amazing buy! The steel is always legit with Green Thorn. Their Shiro clones are my unashamed guilty pleasure. No way in hell I'm carrying and using a $1000 knife everyday. I'm just not there yet. I do own one real Shiro now, which has never left the house and it was honestly underwhelming for the money. My expectations were too high because I had the Green Thorns first. So my assumption was if a $100ish clone is this good, the $1000ish real thing must be next level. The shills and snobs love to shit on clones and say they're all garbage quality. Not all clones are created equal, Green Thorn and SMKE are the Reate of clones. The real one is a bit better; it would be absurd if it wasn't. But not 1000% better. Not even close. I still carry and use the Green Thorns all the time and have for multiple years. They're still phenomenal. Zero issues. Honestly by *far* the best knives for the money I've ever experienced. You get 90% of the real knife, for 10% of the price. In my case the clones helped not hurt the genuine maker. I probably never would have paid that kind of money for a knife that's not USA made if I didn't experience the clone first.

@heli0s2003 7 месяцев назад

@jdisdetermined turns out I got a clone lol. It's still a great knife though

@slick_slicers 5 лет назад

Great and really useful video. I’d love to see some Fura Gear ?D2? knives and even some of the Sanrenmu knives.

@LuvThemKnives 5 лет назад

Eric Holford I’m not sure how useful testing Sanrenmu would be except for HRC. But I guess that’d be useful. Fura Knives are currently being tested. Results coming soon. Thanks

@slick_slicers 5 лет назад

Only that it might be interesting to complete the picture. My limited experience says the some Sanrenmu and no-name can be better than the one, very disappointing Fura Gear I’ve bought. It’s blade was so off centre, it sounds like a pair of scissors opening and closing. It’s supposedly D2/Ti, but even if it is, it’s still crap!

@mikec3201 4 года назад

is there a breakdown anywhere like a chart or anything stating which knives pass the test and which are bunk? I'll watch the videos I just want a more condensed version of the information lol all the videos combined equal hours

@LuvThemKnives 4 года назад

Balisongs for Breakfast The link to the spreadsheet is on every test video. Actually....I put the link on every video. Spreadsheet of knife testing results to date: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OepNr_D4lqbdTFqdqWl1rmAd4bOzPzJe6J0iEWrdJGU/edit?usp=drivesdk

@balkanknife4696 6 лет назад

Great job LTK, thank You Sir 👍👌👏👏

@TheScottyp1 6 лет назад

you da man....dissapointed in ch low hrc number

@Bad_Rattle 6 лет назад

Great video, I honestly expected to see more fake steels. Birdshot should send you their Stedemon M390 knife that rusted.

@LuvThemKnives 6 лет назад

Bad Rattle I’ve got a Stedemon M390 going to testing. We’ll see. Corrosion isn’t the test. Any knife with carbon will corrode.

@mike102069 6 лет назад

excellent video very informative thank you

@MrAliaspostmortem 6 лет назад

This is going to be interesting! (Said before I watched the video) 🙂👍👍👍

@Kris81mh 6 лет назад

thank you for this, great to know!!!

@thescabuglychannel7600 6 лет назад

Awesome, great testing! Puts my mind at ease as I wondered about some of these.

@endresutus124 6 лет назад

Hello LTK, great job perfectly done :) If you ever have a chance to get a TwoSun TS51 tested, that would be great. Not about the blade steel, but about the Ti handles. I like to anodize Ti and this one shows a strange behavior. The locking side takes a very vibrant color - even toxic green - whereas the front scale is a lot duller, especially on higher voltages. The only idea I have is that the locking scale is Ti6Al4V or Grade 5 and the front scale is some cheaper Ti alloy. Thanks in advance even if it won't happen, maybe just ask if it's possible to check both scales for this :)

@etiQthe1 6 лет назад

Is it real....? A question I‘ve asked myself many times! Thanks for this video Sir LTK! 👍🏼🔪

@johnjames9224 6 лет назад

awesome vid man, really enjoyed it

@t.moneydrives1416 5 лет назад

This is amazing sir. We all appreciate you taking the time and effort to do these tests. Some of us out here are steel nerds and care about these things.

@dfailsthemost 6 лет назад

Don't mind low hrc in these stronger steels - depending on how I intend to use it, of course. In my experience, 58 HRC d2 is still better than 58 hrc 8cr13mov.

@dfailsthemost 6 лет назад

Though 8cr13 gets more hate than it deserves.

@sharpdressedknives7563 6 лет назад

Interesting results. Thanks for the information.

@lamprozar1 6 лет назад

Damn it brother very very happy to see you put this together it's just awesome do vespa as well thank you for all your hard work just incredible job thank you so much💪💪💪👍

@thaknobodi 2 года назад

My Green Thorn D2 Hation Zero holds an edge through cardboard about as well as my spyderco S30V.

@frithsteadfarm904 6 лет назад

Thanks LTK for my raging Twosun addiction

@tonycanniffe2360 6 лет назад

Reminded me of those paternity reality tv shows. Lol. It is unfair to lump all makers from a country into one, homogenous group. Can you get the hrc of Rex tested?

@brianf9619 6 лет назад

FINALLY , we have someone to turn. Great Job . I can't wait to see more.

@erinsquirkychannel501 8 месяцев назад

Ch knives what company is that? Thank you

@LuvThemKnives 8 месяцев назад

CH knives have been around for 7+ years. The owner used to work at Kizer. They make good knives and usually are very inexpensive compared to others.

@bobbysmith1047 6 лет назад

Cant wait for someone to test Ganzo d2,and read the reaction of fanboys of other companies here and on bladeforums.d2at 62 at this price is amazing.

@maxwellsmart89 6 лет назад

love this someone finally making affordable good steel'd knives. is there anyway you could link that ch knive store you were talking about? I can't seem to find it.

@carnivorussapiens2139 6 лет назад

Thank you for all the hard work! This gives me peace of mind. I've always loved my CH knives, but now I like them even more. Cheers!

@kjhendricks55 6 лет назад

Good to know that almost all tested to be as stated cause I own a lot of those knives on that table. Thanks LTK.

@dlrmon1 6 лет назад

A special thanks to you and Kurt!

@olivierm.1353 6 лет назад

Awesome tests, thanks man! Disappointed with the CH knives now, I was expecting better heat treatment :( Hope future testings will lead to better results. With the Y-START testings, could you do some Sanrenmu as well? Iconic model such as LAND 910+ would be great. Curious about what their 12C27 is worth! And why not a 7010, for shit and jiggles. Thanks!

@LuvThemKnives 6 лет назад

Olivier Martel I’m going to do testing on them sometime soon. Thanks

@MonkeySlapper64 6 лет назад

Fantastic information and great video!

@limey8489 4 года назад

I don’t know, LTK, those ‘green thorn’ just look wrong somehow. Can’t put my finger on why, but kinda look cheap. But guess they’re not !!

@justicesword1549 6 лет назад

Great job you did there .. can't wait for the next tests

@stevekushman3030 6 лет назад

Very good information. Thanks for sending the blades off to be tested and for Kurt carrying out the testing.

@m1henry 6 лет назад

What a great video. Job well done. Maybe my favorite video you have ever done!!!

@bruntley1 3 года назад

It was a good idea to send the spyderco knives to set a benchmark to compare the other knives against. However, spyderco is made in friggin china lol! So that’s not a good control for the experiment. Im sure they’re legit but your scientific method was flawed. Love the channel and keep testin em!

@mackhomie6 2 года назад

I would have been completely shocked if the tuyaknife was anything less than advertised. Dave Warren's a stand-up guy and as far as I'm concerned if his name is on it that's good enough for me.

@vakaavto 6 лет назад

Thanks for the video. It's really interesting to know more about the "A" Chinese knife brands. Especially green thorn.

@changemymind8692 2 года назад

This goes to show that if you can care less about the political aspect of the origin of a knife or if your a stickler for ultra fine fit and finish that buying a knife made in China is probably the best option you you want a ton of bang for your buck. The majority of my knife collection is USA made. I have a few Chinese made knives and they are pretty dam good knives for what I paid for them.

@edwardyork4321 6 лет назад

SUPER Great Service that U & Kurt Y'all done for ALL of us out here. 👍

@Outpost_76 6 лет назад

I really appreciate this kind of data. I tested a CH 3504 against other D2 a couple months ago and it held it's own. Solid knives too.

@paul_schuette 6 лет назад

Wow! Great info! Thanks for doing this.

@Tenskwatawa4U 6 лет назад

El T: I refer you to Mike Emler's YT episode called CHINESE D2.

@arindambhattacharjee1121 4 года назад

Ali express sells Kershaw, Brother and Kizer knives also. I think they're duplicate ones.

@SansooIan 5 лет назад

I was using the Tuya D2 on some pool maintenance stuff, left it wet by accident for a bit. Thing rusted... Ohhhh sooo badd.

@racerx1508 6 лет назад

This will shut alot of people up.Im so happy you did this video.

@49giants3 6 лет назад

Great work LTK. Thank you

@ПашаТретяк 4 месяца назад

3001 is D2 and HRS ? Please

@LuvThemKnives 4 месяца назад

Here’s the spreadsheet of all knife test results Spreadsheet of knife testing results to date: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OepNr_D4lqbdTFqdqWl1rmAd4bOzPzJe6J0iEWrdJGU/edit?usp=drivesdk

@NRiggiKnives 6 лет назад

This was great- thxs for doing this- really eye opening results.

@eldugio75 6 лет назад

This is awesome! I've always been curious about the materials in the CH skull knife. Titanium and S35VN for that price always seemed sketchy.

@majergens 6 лет назад

This is awesome! Looking forward to seeing more videos like this. Thanks LTK. 😁

@richklangen1833 6 лет назад

Like the steel test very cool

@johnscarborough4746 6 лет назад

You just earned a new sub from this content. Great information!

@richardrigsby5286 6 лет назад

Great info LTK. This is probably the best knife video I have seen in a long time.

@bobgox 6 лет назад

Mega-Informative LTK, thanks for shedding light on the mystery (quite hard to take much at face value in this day and age), this is truly one of the best most informative/important knife videos on esoteric knife brands that i have seen in the past few years. Great Job, much thanks to you and your buddy Kurt/Curt for all the excellent detailed work.

@Jimatuscc 4 года назад

I actually purchased one Chinese made knife that was a factory second, as they had skipped the entire last step in finishing. I had to go over it with my diamond files and sandpaper.