Class (16) =Microscopic & Physical Evaluation | Quality Control of Drugs of Natural Origin (Part 02) 

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Quality Control of Drug of Natural Origin
Confirmation of identity and determination of quality and purity of crude drugs is called evaluation of crude drugs. Besides confirmation of identity and determination of quality and purity the term drug evaluation also covers detection and determination of the type of adulteration present.
Methods of Evaluation:
1. Organoleptic evaluation.
2. Microscopic evaluation.
3. Chemical evaluation.
4. Physical evaluation.
5. Biological evaluation.
Physical Method of Evaluation: Physical constant of the drug is determined
Following are methods of physical Evaluation
1. Determination of moisture content
2. Determination of Viscosity
3. Determination of Melting point.
4. Determination of Optical rotation
5. Determination of refractive index
6. Determination of volatile oil content
7. Determination of ash content
8. Determination of Extractives
1. Determination of moisture content
The % of active chemical constituents is always given on an air-dried basis of the drug Moisture content is determined by heating the drug in an oven at 105 degree C till constant weight.The excess moisture is harmful to the crude drugs because in it’s presence chemical constituent of drug get hydrolyzed.
2. Determination of Viscosity
The viscosity of a liquid is constant at a given temp viscosity is an indication of the purity of drug.
3. Determination of Melting point.
It is one of the criteria to determine quality and purity of crude drugs Contain a number of chemicals, therefore, their melting point is not sharp but it is in a range Beeswax 62 - 650 c
4. Determination of Optical rotation
Optical rotation is determined by the polarimeter certain crude drugs can rotate plane of polarized light to right (dextrorotatory drug) or to left (laevorotatory drugs). Honey + 30 to -15 degree, Clove oil 0 to -1.5 degree
5. Determination of ash content
The residue remaining after incineration (burning) is known as the ash content of the drug. The ash represents inorganic chemicals, Salt & soil attached to the drug It is a criterion to determine quality & purity drug. Aloes- Not more than 5 % w/w
6. Determination of extractive value
Extract value is criteria to determine the quality and purity of the crude drug Different types of Solvents are used to prepare extracts of the crude drug because different chemicals are soluble in the different solvent.
7. Determination of volatile oil content:
Several drugs contain volatile oil for determination volatile oil content or % of volatile oil by Kjeldahl distillation method or Toluene distillation method. Fennel 1.4 % w/ w.
8. Determination of refractive index
Thus the ratio of the velocity of light in the vacuum to its velocity in substance is termed as refractive Index of substance oil. Refractive index varies with the wavelength of the light Arachis oil 1.4678 to 1.4698
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