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Introduction to Alkaloids- Secondary Metabolites (Part 1) • Class (45) = Alkaloids...
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkaloids (Alkaloid Part-2) • Class (46)= Alkaloid (...
Alkaloids are generally classified by their common molecular precursors, based on the biological pathway used to construct the molecule. From a structural point of view, alkaloids are divided according to their shapes and origins. There are three main types of alkaloids: (1) True alkaloids, (2) Protoalkaloids and (3) Pseudoalkaloid
1. True Alkaloid
True alkaloids derive from amino acid and they share a heterocyclic ring with nitrogen. These alkaloids are highly reactive substances with biological activity even in low doses. All true alkaloids have a bitter taste and appear as a white solid, with the exception of nicotine which has a brown liquid. True alkaloids form water-soluble salts. True alkaloids may occur in plants (1) in the Free State, (2) as salts and (3) as N-oxides. The primary precursors of true alkaloids are such amino acids as l-ornithine, l-lysine, l-phenylalanine/l-tyrosine. Examples of true alkaloids include such biologically active alkaloids as cocaine, quinine, dopamine, morphine and usambarensine
2. Proto Alkaloid
Protoalkaloids are compounds, in which the N atom derived from an amino acid is not a part of the heterocyclic. Such kinds of alkaloid include compounds derived from l-tyrosine and l-tryptophan. Hordenine, mescaline and yohimbine are good examples of these kinds of alkaloid.
3. Pseudo Alkaloid
Pseudoalkaloids are compounds, the basic carbon skeletons of which are not derived from amino acids. These alkaloids can also be derived from non-aminoacid precursors. The N atom is inserted into the molecule at a relatively late stage, for example, in the case of steroidal or terpenoid skeletons. Pseudoalkaloids can be acetate and phenylalanine derived or terpenoid, as well as steroidal alkaloids. Examples of pseudoalkaloids include such compounds as coniine, capsaicin, ephedrine, solanidine, caffeine, theobromine and pinidine.
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23 сен 2024
