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Introduction to Extraction
Extraction, as the term is used pharmaceutically, involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive or inert components by using selective solvents in standard extraction procedures. The products so obtained from plants are relatively impure liquids, semisolids or powders intended only for oral or external use.
These include classes of preparations known as decoctions, infusions, fluid extracts, tinctures, pilular (semisolid) extracts, and powdered extracts. Popularly, such preparations have been called galenicals, named after Galen, the second-century Greek physician. Standardized extraction procedures for crude drugs aim to attain the therapeutically desired portion and to eliminate the inert material by treatment with a selective solvent known as the menstruum. The extract thus obtained may be ready for use as a medicinal agent in the form of tinctures and fluid extracts, it may be further processed to be incorporated in any dosage form such as tablets or capsules, or it may be fractionated to isolate individual chemical entities such as ajmalicine, hyoscine, and vincristine, which are modern drugs. Thus, standardization of extraction procedures contributes significantly to the final quality of the herbal drug.
Infusion
Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time with
cold or boiling water. These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude
drugs.
Infusion is a very simple method of extraction used for volatile ingredients, vitamins and soft ingredients in which the powdered crude drug is extracted for a short period of time with cold or hot water. Fresh infusion is an aqueous solution of active constituents of a crude drug (vegetable drug). The boiling water is commonly used as a solvent (menstruum) since it has a greater solvent action than cold water, but the drug is not boiled with the menstruum. The entire mixture is allowed to filter. Infusion is freshly prepared and used within 24 hrs. This method is only applicable for soft drugs and drug-containing water-soluble constituents.
Examples:
Infusion of senna
Infusion of Quassia. (Since the active constituent of quassia, i.e. quassin which is more soluble in cold water, cold menstruum is used in the preparation of infusion of quassia).
Decoction
In this process, the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time, usually 10-15 minutes and then strained or filtered. This method is suitable for drugs that are hard and woody in nature such as root, wood, seeds etc containing thermo-stable water soluble chemical constituents (Constituents that are not affected by prolonged heating). These are mainly useful for making “Herbal Tea”. It should be consumed with in 24 hrs.
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23 сен 2024
