CRISPR: Gene editing and beyond 

Not only the animation is great, but the explanations are the clearest I know of!

What software do you think they used to make this animation?

anndillm ;

Now universities are giving graduate degrees in science communication, teaching them graphic design in order to help explain scientific topics! I was amazed at the animation too! It's so rare to find a video that has great explanation and graphics

Joseph, most biomedical animations and animations for commercials production are made in Cinema 4D because of its procedural motion graphics (in c4d it is mograph) package. Also it can be made in Maya 2017-2018, with their motion graphics tool called 'mash'. Besides additional tools are used for rendering (Arnold, Vray etc) and post-production (Photoshop, After Effects). For additional reference or even full models of proteins you can use PDB (protein data bank), all models are free to use; there is addon called mMaya, to install and customize them.

I feel the same way! It's inspiring and exhilarating isn't it 😍

Michael Hurwitz there's the Miller and urey experiment that showed some amino acids could have been generated spontaneously from atmospheric conditions and chemicals present in the early earth atmosphere. Also, you've got molecules (take, RNA) capable of making copies of themselves, while accumulating mutations that makes them susceptible to natural selection. I think that idea is more exciting! Life is.... chemistry and probability. Given the right conditions, and time, it could flourish anywhere. Maybe there's a design... maybe the natural laws of physics in our universe allow this all to happen, and it's pure chance..maybe there's a grand designer who "engineered" the laws of nature to allow life to emerge from nothing. Who knows? The mystery is the most precious part of life... no one knows 😍

According to research,thoughts emerge from neural processes. Humans tend to feel things according to how we perceive information ,so sex has no "feeling" ,science goes deeper than what our brain's process in the 10% that we use. I find it difficult to understand those who say scientific procedures such as hormones can change gender. According to biology,a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes scientifically determines gender (Chromosomes).Some tend to claim that Crispr DNA can annihilate or mutate chromosomes ,however ,Crispr DNA only binds to the DNA and cuts it, shutting the targeted gene off. The reason why mutating chromosomes or any cell will not be effective is because If you lost a section of DNA in only a single cell or small group of cells, the cells might live as before,and if not they would likely die or be killed due to the deviation. The body has multiple methods of getting rid of problem cells.If the chromosome became misshapen due to the missing DNA, the cellular divison process would break the chromosome and/or cause additional mutations, which would cause one or both cells to die. By stating that , the chromosome that one tried to mutate would only die ,and you would as well due to abnormal occurances and attempts at changing something that scientifically cannot be changed. Many have compared humans to clownfish in such topic as an example,however,in these species, such as many species of coral reef fishes, sex change is a normal anatomical process. . we do not have an anatomical process as they do. Although clownfish can change their physical anatomy , their chromosomes remain as male thoughrought their natural process. -

@@ryanthemainhoee1273 10% use theory is complete fraud, there is no way to calculate percentage of brain, as @Ethan Ferns said, we are using entire brain, some people are smarter, others are dumber. the memory, knowledge portion of brain is anatomically tiny, it is Hypocampus and Amygdala that connects memory to emotions, maybe that's why there is 10% usage theory walking around. On gender changing issue, I completely agree with you, there is no way to change gender by hormones, only way is to replace X to Y or vice versa in all existing cells of person. That's why this thing is called gender dysphoria syndrome, it is psychological problem, like Schizophrenia, Bipolar e.t.c, but of course if you say this in our PC era, you'll be labeled as homophobe e.t.c

✋✋

Not if you're watching it in 2021.

@@Dreadandcircuses hahahahahahahahaha what a deep say

Yeah

You should check the secret life of gymnosperms, angiosperms. And mosses. Watched them for Botany and they were hilariously great, but also soothing

CW C I personally believe this is about to be the next huge thing in medicine. Keep an eye on it because it's truly incredible and has the potential to be an absolute game changer

Millions of years of evolution and scientists think they can make genomes better since they learn how to cut it (not very well). Sure. How much damage those "treatments" can and will introduce to the human genomes... I'm writing this from my perspective, I'm in the field on molecular biology for 20+ years.

@@mickjagger149 i suffering polycystic kidney disease by mutations /genetic I keep on eyes and hope if it will bring in our life ameen

Am certainly not impressed with what people have done. Quiet disappointed in humanity as a whole. As science and technology can help many. There's much more foundational problem's with mountains of lies. The way people react when face the true says it all. In fact youtube is perfect example of this. You can say nothing but facts about race and sex things that go on around the world and it will get removed. Making a more psychotic two faced environment.

It's amazing right? The CRISPR Cas9 gene editing technique could be used to potentially cure all genetically linked diseases from the fetus!

Science wont sort out the African American issue.

​​@@fullercrane1795The only reason why the world is not a better place to live is only because of Adharma. Adharma is our only enemy, Adharma is not any particular person, religion, or race. It lies within ourselves. Adharma includes selfishness, greed, hate etc. Dharma is a notion that shows us the path, it is the concept that says to do what is required of you i.e, do the rightmost thing that needs to be done. You have do it under any circumstances. Do it unattached to the world and everything in it, be it your parents, your emotions, your desires or anything else. It is dharma, a concept, a guiding principle, a conceptualized entity that commands to do what is due to the world, the things that should be done, those things that should be implemented. . By abiding Dharma you always carry out the rightmost action. Adharma is simply not doing the this

The only reason why the world is not a better place to live is only because of Adharma. Adharma is our only enemy, Adharma is not any particular person, religion, or race. It lies within ourselves. Dharma is a notion that shows us the path, it is the concept that says to do what is required of you i.e, do the rightmost thing that needs to be done. You have do it under any circumstances. Do it unattached to the world and everything in it, be it your parents, your emotions, your desires or anything else. It is dharma, a concept, a guiding principle, a conceptualized entity that commands to do what is due to the world, the things that should be done, those things that should be implemented. . By abiding Dharma you always carry out the rightmost action. Adharma is simply not doing the this

You'll be happy to know they successfully treated it with crispr in 2023

I seriously doubt they will. This is Pandoras box and I do not consent. it must stop. these plus they are also suppressing info on how the technologies generates other mutations.

Better they suppress it than freely release information to people that may use it for malicious purposes. All about finding a balance between publishing enough information to keep the public in the loop and staying safe.

You guys are idiots! Fuck the mutation! This stuff needs to be researched and if proven safe it can help people with many different types of diseases.

DatMan Dooley only problem is when they do find out whatever with this... It'll only be accessible to the rich. But I agree with you

This is similar to computer technologies and mobile communication. At first it will be accessible only to the rich. But after a couple of decades to middle class, and more. And this is a technology that can help to prolong life of all people.

As a first year nanobiologist, I do really like the video. It is however wrong on some details, although I think those don't matter too much, considering it is a video for the public. But condensated chromosomes inside the nucleus isn't very accurate, except for if the cell is ready to devide. And all the chromosomes are connected at the middle, also something which isn't always the case. But hey, what do you expect.

@@thatyougoon1785 Simplifying for clarity. Perfect is often the enemy of good, especially with clear presentation.

Really? Do tell. Other then Crispr being something that was discovered in a bacterial immune system. What is it and not for what they say they use it for. What exactly is it?

​@@fullercrane1795 First you use "then" inappropriately, followed by a syntactic jumble. Are you asking a question?

@@David-iv6je Never tagged you. Nor do I care about your high school grade mumbling on about grammar. You're as bad as child saying you didnt capitalize a letter. In fact you're worse. You made that stupid remark because you don't want people to know or ask questions. I see no other reason you be that anal over it.

Reverting nature or die this is all we need

Like Bill Gates and Fauci?

@@porter2719 After everyone has had the opportunity to get the vaccine, I hope they unleash the full force of it by spraying it everywhere. That should rid the nation of a lot of morons like you. I know I plan to spread it as much as possible.

@@dinoferrante1718 are you one of those people with less than good intentions?

@@someguy8273 No. I'm trying to save the human race in spite of the morons.

@@dinoferrante1718 You want to force experimental medical operations on people against their will, despite not knowing their long term effects. But your definately the good guy because you know whats best for mankind.

lol

But tumblr is funnyr than crispr...but you have to admit...crispr is a lot cooler than tumblr

tumblr causes cancer, crispr gets rid of it

does CRISPR allows porn tho??

@@AxelZaore depending on the gene you knock-out/down/in, the mice can probably stay fertile afterwards

Still waiting

Rajinder Singh Bump. Would also appreciate this.

We've compiled a lot of resources (including this one!) on our website - innovativegenomics.org/resources/educational-materials/

You can play with CRISPr www.the-odin.com/diy-crispr-kit/

Yes to edit and DNA

And killed many people

@@rogerbenito595 and to generate antibodies.

In CRISPR cas9, PAM actually stands for(Protospacer Adjacent Motif). It is called this because the sgRNA-Cas9 effector complex uses this three sequence template for site recognition.

Meeee

Mee

I knew it before the nobel but underestimated its value

@whesley hynes i appreciate!

@whesley hynes you have no idea what you are talking about do you?

Man…

U simp

Nereus during replication and transcription DNA unwound from the compact chromosomal conformation, and that's the window when CRISPR works...

In my opinion, it really doesn't matter. In 2018, if you want to alter the human genome, you wouldn't use CRISPR directly on it, it would be much easier to use CRISPR to edit an adenovirus (or similar) vector and then use *that* on the human genome.

@@kropotkln ? You get crispr into cells using viruses

Julius Stopforth the sgRNA @0:42 can be designed by researcher to complement with a specific sequence in the genome that researchers want to modify

CRISPR-Cas9 essentially *is* current gene editing technology. It's cheaper and faster than previous techniques, though sometimes those tools are still preferable. Generally speaking, what used to take thousands of dollars and months of work can now be accomplished for a few hundred dollars in less than a week.

Previous gene editing techniques had to be engineered to exacting specifications. And each edit you wanted to make required the same lengthy process. Now this single protein, cas9, has the ability to latch onto any guide RNA molecule you care to feed it and you get extremely precise activity.

Short answer: Yes.

Compared to TALENs and random mutagenesis it's better in every way. Random mutagenesis in particular (using UV light/chemicals/transposons to induce random mutations) is VERY time consuming so you'd potentially need 10s of thousands of samples to induce random mutations and identify subsequent gene functions.

you are making it too complicated.

Humans have already developed an immune system with mechanisms that are ten times more complex and efficient than CRISPR. if the protein Cas9 works same for every type of immunogen, we have lymphocytes which adapt themselves to give every single type of immunogen an exclusive response. the problem with those viruses you mentioned is that they change their compounds and structure over time, so at the next encounter they won't be recognized as an already flagged adversary. However scientists are developing this CRISPR tool to make human offspring immune to HIV via gene editing.

salaciousBastard Great question! I can think of 2 big reasons: 1) Cas9 recognises foreign (non-bacterial) DNA by binding to PAMs (described at 0:52). Bacteria have evolved to have no PAM sequences in their own genome so that they don't cleave their own DNA by accident, but the PAM sequence (being only 2-6 base pairs) is extremely common throughout the human genome. So if you augmented human cells with the genes needed to make their own CRIPSR Cas9, they'd chop up a lot of their own DNA. If this didn't directly kill the cells, the resulting mutations would probably cause cancer. In fact, even if the system was working properly it'd probably increase mutation (and thus cancer) rates because, to generate the correct guide RNA, it has to first insert snippets of invading viral DNA into certain parts of the cell's genome. No doubt there are other species compatibility problems that I'm unaware of. 2) Say we got around the above problems, and we wanted to use your idea. We'd want CRISPR Cas9 in all our cells since it gives fairly passive defence against viruses invading any cell. To do that you'd insert the genes for CRISPR Cas9 into a fertilised egg, so that the person is born with the CRISPR Cas9 genes in all cells of their body. However this is called germline gene editing and it's strictly illegal because it's irreversible for the person if it goes wrong. I think Soroush Mozaffari is referring to a Chinese scientist who was recently arrested for breaking this law by mutating some genes in IVF children in the hope of giving some HIV resistance. This guy only mutated a human gene, and got world-wide condemnation. To go a step further and insert sets of foreign genes would be all the more controversial.

Ok...

its for genetic disorders

@@ooglemoogle8210 for covid also .

the nature is so inttelgent man

In theory yes, but in reality probably not. Still plenty of problems with off target editing, and delivering it efficiently to your cells. If your problem is with a specific organ or tissue, it's more likely. Crossing my fingers for you

sir, it depends, only a few genetic diseases can be cured by crispr till now, kindly tell what type of genetic flaw are you talking about. it depends on that.

mellow m your offspring (child) will have the effect not you.

Bigbanana E hair is dead cells though, is it not?

@@liljimbob8740 no, it's just protein.

@@liljimbob8740 hair is composed of keratin, the very same protein that is present in dead skin cells

Myr Na interesting. Thank you.

C-19 vaccines

@@unmu1392 ur mom

Genetics engineering is not bad unless it is only used by the elites

They do actually. The use cases are plentiful from better healthcare to increased food production and new materials. I don't think this technology is suited to build weapons with it.

Susan Raezer: How many times have you done something with their "best interest at heart" and have it totally backfired on you...? Be honest!!!

you should terrified. China has already opened a human cloning center. They are using crispyr tech to fatten up beagles. did you watch 60 minutes? I did w my parents and they realized the Chinese are doing that to fatten up their food. they eat beagles. do we need to encourage this behavior??? hell no! stop now!

how

stupid its for curing genetic defects u idoit

Jesus is the real demon 😈

The CRISPR system evolved in bacteria as a defense mechanism against viruses (so they could target viral DNA sequences and disable them).

So just because we cant explain it all now, a God have to had made it? Just a matter of time before they can explain more