Debate between Joseph LeDoux, Yaïr Pinto and Elizabeth Schechter at NYU on September 18, 2018. Moderated by David Chalmers. Sponsored by the NYU Center for Mind, Brain and Consciousness.
Fact that Pinto actually conducted a split brain experiment, and found that a person with split brain still have one consciousness is a shocking observation.
I can't help but wonder how our interpretations of the data and the concepts being influenced by this concept that there is a single "you" inside. If both brains are distinct and individual, they are still both the same person. Like a clone or a twin that simply sees the world and experiences it and processes it in a slightly different way than the other side of the brain. I think our own singular experience, this seemingly unified feeling that our brain convinces us we have prevents us from really comprehending how this really works. Like the phrase stated, "it's complicated". Also, another point to note. At no point in the life of a human would each half of the brain ever expected to actually experience and process individually without the other half. So why would we suddenly expect each half of the brain to identify as individual halves when it spent the whole life working as a singular unit? Our brains would have had to evolve to work in concert, and so even after severing the corpus collosum, each half would still think of itself as the "you".
There is another possible factor here, merely splitting someones brain inside their own body is insufficient. A TOTAL physical break needs to be done - a BREAK from the body. We already know that even if the corpus is severed, there are indirect pathways via other structures that could allow the right and left hemisphere to co-operate. For example, if my right brain sends a signal to another body part, that body part may have a neurologival pathway to my left hemisphere. The two hemispheres are not 100% isolated in that respect. The only way to eliminate this variable is COMPLETE dissociation from the physical body.
To robotaholic: That's why we need to perform the scientific medical experiments to settle this once and for all. It will likely settle all philosophical and spiritual questions about consciousness/the soul/mind/philosophical zombies, etc. and we won't have to debate this on RU-vid You saw my methodologies below. The scenarios involve the PHYSICAL splitting of a brain into 2 seperate physical bodies and the various permutations of that, including swapping hemispheres between 2 bodies.
Hypothesis #1: One mind (or consciousness or soul) permeats both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously. Hypothesis #2: One mind (or consciousness or soul) moves between brain hemispheres, never in both at once. Hypothesis #3: Two minds (or consciousness or soul) exist in seperate brain hemispheres permanently. Hypothesis #4; Two minds (or consciousness or soul) exist and interchange the hemisphere they exist in, never both in the same hemisphere. Hypothesis #5 : Two minds (or consciousness or soul) permeate both hemispheres simultaneously.
Thing that should be mentioned about these experiments is they deal with MEMORY, because words just blink in ths screen and THEN person should answer what he SAW. It seems hemispheres can't transfer memories to each other and operate each other's memories. But it doesn't mean person wasn't aware of these words WHILE they were shown.
Its two seperate consciousness think about it, they start out identical at the cut, but after that point they experience the world different and from that point they are two separate entities
I've often wondered if the right hemisphere has a link to our subconscious and that it basically is the way the right side has a way to communicate, similar to dreaming maybe. As it doesn't have anything to directly communicate, like the left does. I listen to my intuition/hunches and it usually doesn't lead me astray. My experiences, like going with th.e first guess on the test is usually right because I think that's usually Captain subconscious. I suspect but I don't know for sure I'm not omniscient. my two cents. Wherever I am we're never alone. Ooh maybe it actually has schizophrenic ties to it in some way too I don't know That's interesting I didn't think of that Time to dig some more.
FYI all, I wrote a paper in the 70s about this that was published without giving me credit about the ideas (University of Calgary) - I already posted this here a long time ago. I have had many responses to my scenarios over the last while - I hope I have clarified everything properly. Since then, I have thought about one scenario a lot - the case where two donors swap hemispheres ("You and I together in 2 skulls") and what transpires afterwards. From the "consciousness" perspective, it will open up a whole can of worms, or bring astounding discoveries. it will also kill or create new philosophical aspects. PS - I doubt that the prof that kept my paper will step up and acknowledge me.
If we examine Pintos experiment (the simplest one), it does not prove or disprove any of my scenarios. For example, at the time of severance, the consciousness could have been trapped in one hemisphere; or been in both at the time, etc. We need to seperate the brain from the bodies so to speak to answer some deep deep questions about the brain and the space it occupies.
If the ears are affected by which hemisphere they're located on did anyone try separate hearing tests, with a split corpus callosum? That might be another way to test it too, yes?
27:08” I’m the same guy as before the operation…” well even with no operation, just general anesthesia alone means shutting down consciousness and how do I know it’s the same person when you wake it up? Anyway, this is about two conscious agents simultaneously
Let me spell it out for you - if one of my hemispheres is transplaned into another body shell, will there be two of me? one of me? Will we know each other and shake hands?? Will we become two seperate concsiousness? Which one of me will be the real me?? The person I call "myself"??
Really interesting debate, which makes one wonder.. -If the conscience/control agent/higher cognition is the same, or seems being the same, both by "himself" and the people that knows him or tested him prior and after the surgery, then: What is the mechanism that generates or "host" "us", if the brain working separately is still able to generate it? Or in the case of the early "split-brain" signs which "heal" with time, which is the mechanism the brain uses to get back to normality? -If the "person" is the same, however, the decision making process is different based on the separated input, and this person does not notice or feel the contradiction of his actions/thoughts. In other words the control agent being hosted in only one side of the brain (which isnt affected by the split), and the mechanisms which it uses to operate the body being separate in each emisphere. Then wouldn´t this mean that there aren´t, possibly, 2 entities in one brain (or people), but actually three? The persons Concience (or thinking/control agent) The left self, which expresses directly and through the agent The right self, which expresses directly and through the agent The later two gaining a leverage on agent use by some chemical/nerunal mechanisms?. Which wouldn´t present the whole picture as a driver in control of different cars, which operate differently but at the control agents will, but instead as a rider in control of two horses? Ultimately all of this taking one to the question of: Are we really the individual we think we are? Or "we" are just a CPU unit in our bodies PC, which only automatically processes whatever info is given by both its other hardware and software components? An experiment of a brain splitting in a multiple personality disorder patient would reveal a lot of interesting data in this sense I believe....
From my own experience, I can say that the brain, both hemispheres are a shared resource, which can be used by different entities to a different degree. Usually, that resource is dominated by consciousness, but it can release and observed. This is how two-minds can be observed retrospectively. That example with driving a car and listening to the radio is not sufficient to trigger it, because both are external sources of stimulation. What we need is an extremely strong and long attention hook from the outside. Naturally, after few minutes, the mind will drift to internal chatter. Now if we stay in that dual attention state for long enough, consciousness grip on the body will loosen, and eventually, it will be lost (for some time). Something else will take over the control, and use the body according to its will. Consciousness will be aware of it, but not in charge of what is happening. The first thing that is striking is the change in personality. How things are done, what is spoken and how it's spoken, reactions to situations, everything changes.
Experiment #1: In live human subjects, assuming we can have a live human with brain removed, and a donor ; remove one hemisphere from the doner and transplant it into the secondary subject with brain removed. In this situation, we now have the original doner with one hemisphere and the secondary subject with the original doners second hemisphere. Assume the operation is a success, what happens?
Interesting but it did drag on a bit. All trying to work out in a reductionist manner if a part qualified as a whole. And yet, applying mechnical models of the problem have in turn no problem using their multi-processor personal computer to run a unified operating system to create and display their slides. No mention of hypnosis and various drug experiments either -- with or without split brains. Nor, it seems, much awareness of work by people like G.I.Gurdjieff and others who over a century ago (see Ouspensky's book) developed interesting models on the multiple physical, emotional and intellectual centers of gravity (or the Hindu systems etc). From my interest/perspective, it was disappointing they could not rise above the ill-defined "head=brain=me" model and draw on systems/cybernetic thinking and emergence. At one point there was a brief mention of "three" but quickly passed over. Of course the whole system has huge redundencies to be viable and there seems to be little or no awareness of the broader view where two vagus nerves connect a gut 'brain' nexus that also deals with the external world via the microbiome within the hollow 'external' tube/passage from the mouth to the anus. Surely any serious research looking for answers (as distinct from research grants) would consider the implications of a biological living system split isomorphically from the very first cell divide across a mid-vertical line. But then I guess we'd be calling things hemi-eyes, and hemi-ears, hemi-arms, hemi-lungs and even the two entwined hemi-hearts. I have interest in answers to the mysteries and unfortunately this did not help much I'm afraid.
The confusion arises only because we conflate mind with self awareness. I can have conflicting thoughts, even two minds, but being the same subject with a unified sense of selfhood. I think Pinto got it right, there is no compelling evidence for two "persons" in split-brainers.
Technically that could mean the processes normally have a dominant and commanded side (presumably the speaking side is dominant) and each side only experiences itself thus "you" feel like one mind anyway
I dunno, it does feel to me like I do have two streams of contiousness. Isn't that normal? Don't people usually feel like their "hearts" and minds can be at odds?
A really interesting discussion overall. I was particularly impressed with Schechter’s presence; it’s apparent that she has a substantial grasp on the literature, which she utilized cogently and concisely in this discussion. I went down a bit of a rabbit hole to find this video, but I’m glad I did!
Er, saying I was impressed doesn’t really imply any degree of surprise on my part; I essentially wanted to say that she did a good job. In any case, I was remarking on it mostly because she did a far better job of articulating her ideas when compared to her peers in this discussion, who are also, as far as I understand it, knowledgeable in the same field.
How does a person live with this knowledge? Like for Elizabeth, if she believes there are literally two people, then how does she live and see herself?
She sees herself as one consciousness, that could be subdivided, but would only separate into multiple if communication between functional parts were severed, and could only incorporate itself into a bigger consciousness through increased communication. Or at least I would assume as this has been my take on the boundaries of consciousness since becoming aware of split brain patients
The ultimate Einsteinian thought experiment will be to transfer hemispheres between two bodies. It would answer many philosohical questions including Chalmers Zombie world. Am am you and you are I. Thought experiment
I have a question: this study has shown that if a person with a split brain perceive things on the left visual Field, he can verbally say it., Indicating that the consciousness does not split to two different streams. So why some people with split brain can not do that, indicating that the consciousness split and some others can? How can it be explained?
Are you referring to the studies done decades after the operation as being able to verbalize left view information? Because that was an obvious flaw to ignore when comparing studies immediately after the split with the ones pinto did
Around 1 hour 7 minutes he says he was studying people decades after surgery. Which still gives interesting information but doesnt falsify the original results
Its bizarre that pinto is assuming there cant be two minds unless they both continuously control seperate parts of the body and have vastly different thought processes or they will somehow have one consciousness even if they cant access the same information
@@rahulranjan9013 its particularly noticeable because in some cases people will respond to information they cant consciously access (pretty some kinds of blindness interrupt the visual components directly communicating with the conscious brain but can still react to visual cues) so if they cant even react subconsciously it would take significant segregation
the lady after David seems to have an arrogant attitude , agitated , plus was chewing something, very hard to follow with these distractions 🤦🏻♂️ Any the two agents in a split brain makes more sense to me
2:02:35 I'm a very "right-brained" (ie intuitive) person and I have always been a very good test taker...even when I'm not aware of knowing the information. It often feels like Im just guessing and then I find out later that I'm right. Over the years I have become quite confident in my ability to do this. My explaination is that I'm good at subconsciously picking up on hints that lead me to the right answer...ie just general test taking skills that they used to try to teach students before taking tests like the SAT. I'm not so sure it can be effectively taught. Anyway, I imagine it probably feels something like that.
What’s the point of interrogation patients after the interhemisphereical connection was regained. Alien hand syndrome wasn’t even addressed. Low quality personnel.
Yes we do, I remember when I heard the pop. Whether you believe me or not is on you. My mind felt like it was all over the place, I couldn’t think straight for a bit. It was like the mind was being pulled apart in every possible direction, nothing made sense, and I’m still not sure how I was able to maintain my composure most of the time. The few times I was clear headed the past few years were during rehab sessions follow by sobriety stints. On the bad runs, it was chaos and pain 24/7 for months. Even in my dreams I was being bombarded nonstop, very impressive how they managed to do this. I know a bit of physics, but still not sure how they were able to connect to the amplified E&M waves after the split brain procedure was done with such precision. Lot of fear of the next image or thought that would go in. I don’t think there’s ever been a patient awake during a live lobotomy procedure, but it was pretty wicked. For quite some time, it felt like I was two people. Different mindsets, different personalities in a way. It made it very difficult to socialize, I became sort of an awkward social person at times. Surprised I was able to get a degree under these conditions, on top of the drug addiction issues I had, the past 8 years has been a hell of a ride. If hell does exist, I might be the first to escape out of it and still be functioning quite normal.
Have the scientists ASKED the non-verbal communication side to respond to questions asked? Write down "How was your day today?" or Ask "What do you think of Donald Trump?" Maybe the patient will VERBALLY state "I HATE DONALD TRUMP!" and The other half may WRITE..."I LOVE DONALD TRUMP!"
Hurray! I endured watching the whole thing (more like reading the subtitle throughout the whole thing). On a lighter side: (1) Definition humor: When you say "Honey please make up your mind" I hope you are not insinuating the person has two minds in the same body! The same goes for "I haven't made up my mind yet" does not mean I am schizophrenic. So, the term "mind" is prone to the logical fallacy of Equivocation (one word multiple meanings). Conscious Agent is a much better term to use. (2) Prediction humor: An agnostic is a person who after split-brain surgery the left brain becomes an atheist while the right brain believes in God. Such an experimental case does exist except we don't know the patient's religious inclination before surgery. (3) Over-analysis humor: When the microphone was passed among the audience, both Antonia and Bob began speaking at audible volume which were suddenly turned down. Makes me imagine an amateur sound-man was wearing earphone monitoring the mixer board. His ear phone volume was dialed so high which prompted him to turn down the volume of every other microphone. Surprisingly, at the end when Chalmers declared "there is food for everyone" that was the only time when Chalmers' voice was audible.
I'm skeptical about nr 2. I heard that anecdote multiple times, but I couldn't find a single scientific paper to affirm it. I know Ramachandran claimed at a conference that hemispheres can have different opinions on God and even on their own gender, but he provided no reference to a scientific paper to support his claim (and claims are not evidence). All the other people on youtube and forums/websites who took that claim seriously had no evidence apart from Ramachandran's talk (which, again, is not evidence)
It needs to be done. There was a movie "The Man with Two Brains" that may have spawned interest in the subject. --> ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-YT0CScFzp1o.html
My PHD was in Pure Mathematics, so I break down this consciousness debate into these cases, assuming consciousness/mind exists: Hypothesis #0 : Zero minds (or consciousness or soul) - contrary to asssumptions. Hypothesis #1: One mind (or consciousness or soul) permeats both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously. Hypothesis #2: One mind (or consciousness or soul) moves between brain hemispheres, never in both at once - hence it can be "trapped" Hypothesis #3: Two minds (or consciousness or soul) exist in seperate brain hemispheres permanently and/or simultaneously. Hypothesis #4: Two minds (or consciousness or soul) exist and interchange the hemisphere they exist in, never both in the same hemisphere. Else they mathematically would be one entity if in the same hemisphere Hypothesis #5 : Many minds (or consciousness or soul) exist and break out into the above scenarios (schizophrenia) - there is evidence for this possibility of numerous linked brains in other life forms such as octopus
There is one big problem with a brain severed at the corpus within an individual - it is still connected to the body via many links. The discussion is way different than mine - two bodies shaking hands and greeting each other . And the ULTIMATE in philosophical reasoning - swapping hemispheres between two people : "Who am I and Who are you"
I SOUFRE FROM BRAIN DISEASE AND I ALWAYSE EXPERIMENT THE HORRIFIC EXPERIENCE OF DOUBLE CONSIOUSNESS ITS LOOKS LAKE A DISSOCIATIF DISORDRE BUT THE BROBLEM IS ABOUT BRAIN SYNCRONISATION THE SYNCRONISATION FOR ME COMES FROM THE CENTER OF THE BRAIN
My thesis and paper was done in 1974. My professor gave me a A++, then kept my paper for "research purposes". I have outlined the hypothesis and possible experiments. Next, I will take each hypothesis case by case and see where it leads logically..
Shame the inaudible sound ruined such a significant debate. Is NYU suffering from another hard problem of consciousness; not conscious of the sound defect before uploading the video? If NYU has no budget to edit sound in videos, there are freeware available. BTW has the sound man/woman been fired yet. If it were a grad student, make him/her work for an extra year on the thesis.
The most interesting scenario I find is the Experiment #3. It seems very disturbing on a biological level, but not unheard of on a bacterial level. As far as humans, it would be a game changing experiment that would provide a lot of answers to many questions
I will outline my paper here over the next few weeks. The premise of the paper is "consciousness" and where it exists. We won't get bogged down into definitions, except to say here; philosophically that it may be construed as a "soul" or that part of the "mind" that has an awareness of oneself that may or may not be connected to the physical body. I will concentrate on the physical aspects, with the intent of proving a hypothesis. We will find that we can create experiments that can prove, disprove or enhance many psychological and philosophical arguments about "soul", "consciousness", "duality", etc.
They should collaborate with Michael Levin. Levin demonstrates that even cells that are not brain cells have intelligence as an individual cell. So maybe the best way to look at this is that we are a communism of cells , so that we are never really one thing, our cells are just smarter than us and can actually manifest communism so well that we have the illusion of unity. What I'm saying is: don't be a stranger, be a comrade, hang the cancer cells.
@@starxcrossed "As above, so below." I think what this means when stated scientifically is that the universe has strong fractal (patterns recur on different scales) properties. And we as individuals are the equivalent of cells in their "plane" or "scope." If you reduce things in terms of function or behavior, they are equatable. I lack technical terms, I hope I don't sound woo woo.
As a concrete experiment for one scenario. I will use myself as an example. The technology will be there eventually. 1. I volunteer to partake in a split brain experiment, get all the approvals to perform the experiment. 2. Wait for a donor subject either to be part of the experiment, or a subject that is in a coma (with intact body) that has consented ahead of time. 3. The brain of the donor is removed while the body is still alive. 4. One of my hemispheres is removed and placed inside the skull of the donor and all the connections made. 5. After recovery, we are introduced to each other and monitored for years. Perhaps there will be no introduction for a while as part of the experiment. 6. The real experiment begins to see if there are two consciousness, two souls, two minds, etc. or if only one body has all of those in one hemisphere (and the other a philosophical zombie). 7. Conclusions can be made based on the behavior of both "people". We would look for a fundamental paradox in what some believe today (religion, spirituality, philosophy). NOTE #1: This has nothing to do with the corpus being split in the same brain in the same skull - that is done today. NOTE #2: The scenario where two people swap half a hemisphere would be even more telling. Do we have half of each others mind/soul/consciousness in two different skulls? Or do they somehow merge into one? Or do we ow have 4 different entities?
We need to perform the ultimate surgery when it can be done. Two patients (my scenario #3) that transfer half a brain hemisphere into each others bodies. It will answer a lot of philosophical questions.
@@flashraylaser157 Yes, many scenarios would be fruitful for research. How about identical twins? That would be ground shaking as far as discoveries I am sure.
If the two hemispheres are truly disconnected, it’s hard to believe why they shouldn’t be two people. On the other hand, if they are two people disconnected, over time they should diverge in personality and even get into a fight/disagreement over controlling the body and show clearly the presence of two people which is also not the case Weird???
so yall are just guessing and passing it off as truth. everyone is different at different things. its all perspective. your profession has way too much power. you go to courts and convict people on no more than your opinion. I mean this video proves it. yall cant agree on hardly anything. it changes once a week but then there are things that havent changed in 80 years. so keep picking and choosing reality for us. stop try to do something your not qualified to do. Alan Watts called yall out in the 60s. he had it figured out not you. no not my opinion FACT!
@@jetranger6159 I would disagree in saying that it is memory that holds the self together because as you change you would interpret those memories differently and it would be like someone else with your memories that would leave me to believe it is something more fundamental
I think there is two minds because a person knows which thoughts are their own by asking themselves if they feel the same as the thought. Typically a person assumes all thoughts are their own but what happens if you became aware your being too hard on yourself? Let’s say you call yourself stupid. You might ask if you feel the same way as how you talk to yourself? Let’s say no you do not feel like you are stupid so why does the thought keep happening? You realize oh I am not my thoughts they come from outside. After awhile this feels normal so you accept it but than you start hearing conflict happening. One thought seems to be arguing with the other thought you are stuck trying to figure out which thought comes from inside you and which you cannot seem to stop or grasp where it comes from. I don’t mean you think you are aware you are actually listening to the conflict and perhaps you only agree with one side. Now there’s you and two others. Then this becomes normal.
Every unanswered question here is easily resolved if you just do the experiment. Split the brain , keep half in the original person, put the other half in another subject (assuming the other subject has been prepared).
@@XMIR10C You literally posted more comments by yourself than the rest of the other comments on the video combined. A simple solution is to post one comment with all of the information you wanted to share. You can edit your comment if you forget to put something in. I said you're conceited because you think your solution will advance medicine by decades. A brain transplant currently isn't even possible so you may want to figure that out first. What's weird is you called me arrogant but you're so arrogant you're liking your own comments. Come on, for real?
@@aztraeuz5560 No, 1. There is a character limit, 2. Posting in separate items allows for easier editing, 3. Liking my own comments? Are you for real? I have blocked you, tired of the drivel. Bye
@@XMIR10C You could have posted everything without hitting the character limit. You posting everything you want to say in multiple comments literally makes it harder to read because people have to actually find the different comments. Just quit spamming. It's simple.
Let's start with Hypothesis #2: One mind (or consciousness or soul) moves between brain hemispheres, never in both at once. 1. We can sever the corpus at a point in time, or remove one hemisphere, and the mind will be trapped in one hemisphere. 2. We can remove one hemisphere and transplant it into an "empty brained" subject. 3. Now we have one mind in one body , and no mind in the other body - both having one hemisphere of a brain. This could be tested in laboratory conditions.
So I would have half a brain in 2 physical bodies in my experiment. Which one would be the real me? Which one would have my consciousness, or would that be split in two?
2nd speaker tried to say self report is reliable and that because ppl say they're one person so they must be one person then 32 min in he is saying anecdotal information is not reliable evidence. You cant have it both ways, sir.
I think the second debater was using the psychology tricks with visuals to drive his point and influence the crowd the first one stuck with facts the second one started off with a colorful foxy it's like come on man you science this isn't feel good time anyway he had some points to but I lean towards the third.
There’s only one person when the patient is saying I’m one person the doctors are telling them you’re wrong give me a break. An interesting Lee near death experience when people brain is flatline, they only have one conscious experience of floating out of their body did not 2 consciousness floating out of the body.
And what if one persons brain was split into two bodies, each body containing a hemisphere. Are you saying that only one of the hemispheres has a consciousness and that the other is a zombie? If they both die simultaneously, does only one of them have something floating out of the body? Which one?
@@XMIR10C we are not our bodies. We are connected to our bodies. People have a detachment from their bodies when they are at near death and if you could split the brain in half and put it into two different bodies, I don’t know what would happen but we are not material and we are one, so I don’t know how it’s connected. Nobody does because it’s non-material. Our consciousness cannot be touched. It cannot be measured, but that is who we are.
@@MMAGUY13 Sorry I disagree. If my brain was split into 2 seperate bodies, then only one of the hemispheres has a soul/consciousness/mind? Which body gets the soul? Does it move between the 2 bodies? Does one body become an empty shell (zombie)? You dont seem to get it - the experiment needs to be done
Let's stop beating around the bush - 45 years of hypothesis - I wrote a paper on this, Put the 2 halves of the brain into 2 seperate bodies - all questions about consciousness will be answered.
@@user-bv4ne6cr2q The paper was never published except by the local university - then it gained some attention as the prof claimed it as his idea with my assistance. I was minoring in philosophy. I will try to dig it up. The jist of it was whether conscienceness (or the "soul") could be trapped. I outlined all situations and assumptions depending on total brain transplant into a different body, transplant of two hemispheres into 2 seperate bodies (no brain in the transplantee), switching hemispheres between 2 different bodies (I am you and you am I) , and a version of Chalmers Zombie world
you know. its a fact: 1 body, 1 soul, 1 mind (consciousness) If there would be 2 or more mind, it means there are 2 soul inside 1 body......but its not working! So Pinto has absolutelly right!!! Schechter: if there would be two thinker and one person: it called: Dissociative Identity Disorder: which mean there are 2 or more self-awareness (ego) and 1 mind= 1 human beeing. its none sence! There are only 1 human beeing inside 1 body= 1 brain, because he have only just 1 soul. You are looking....what is : NOT EXIST......the nature can't be RAPED.....guys! :)))
GARBAGE!! Pinto was wrong - he did not think far enough ahead. If I had some accident, and one of my brain hemispheres was transplanted into another donor body, how many souls would there be? Only the one with my original body? The other body will be an empty shell with a functioningbrain but no soul?? A zombie in effect? Or would my soul be split in half?? I wrote a paper on this in 1973.
