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Diosgenin
Diosgenin is a bioactive steroidal sapogenin belonging to the triterpene group and is of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry. It is the aglycone formed by the hydrolysis of saponin dioscin, a compound found in Dioscorea spp.
Uses
Diosgenin is a precursor for several hormones, starting with the Marker degradation process, which includes synthesis of progesterone. The process was used in the early manufacturing of combined oral contraceptive pills. It serves as an important starting material for the production of corticosteroids, sexual hormones, oral contraceptives as well as other steroidal drugs via hemisynthesis
Production of Diosgenin
Alcohol extraction method
The finely powdered drug is extracted with either methanol or ethanol and the extract is concentrated. This extract is then hydrolyzed with 2N HCl for 2-12 hours. The residue containing diosgenin is collected by filtration and further purified by recrystallization from an organic solvent such as benzene, hexane or alcohol.
This method has the following disadvantages:
1. Unsaturated sapogenin quickly decomposes to spirostadiene.
2. A gummy material is formed alongside.
3. It is time consuming.
These shortcomings can be overcome by treating the hydrolyzed extract with lime on other alkalis to remove phenolic and coloured impurities.
Acid hydrolysis method
The powdered drug is refluxed with 2N or 4N mineral acid in an autoclave for 2-6 hours. It is filtered and the hydrolysate is washed with lime and then with water to make it neutral. This is then dried and the dried product is extracted exhaustively with a hydrocarbon solvent like petroleum ether or toluene for 6 hours. The extract is concentrated to get crystals of diosgenin.
This method has the following advantages:
1. It is less time consuming.
2. A purer compound can be obtained.
3. It is easy to perform.
4. No gummy material is formed.
Fermentation-cum-acid hydrolysis method
The powdered drug is subjected to fermentation for two days, it is then dried by spreading in the sun until the moisture content is reduced to 7%-8%. The dried drug is then hydrolyzed with a mineral acid, neutralized with lime and water and the acid-free hydrolyzed mass is extracted with heptane.
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23 сен 2024
