Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer? 

What do you use instead of sunscreen? Leave your tips below 👇

If my last dermatologist had his way, he would have shut the sun off. The more sunscreen I used, the more skin cancers I developed. The pores on my forehead were plugged (bumps). I stopped using sunscreen years ago. Much improved.

My oldest daughter was born in 1994 and I remember her preschool calling me in a panic because I had not packed her sunscreen for swim lessons. I was a young, single mother but I knew that I didn’t want my child slathered in chemicals. Thankfully her preschool teacher respected my wishes. Finally in 2010 when I spent my days bringing my youngest daughter to the playgrounds, I couldn’t believe how many other moms obsessively smeared their children in sunscreen. Some even offered to share some for my child. I would decline and occasionally a mom would give me the side eye as if I was neglecting my baby. I have never trusted sunscreen based off of my elderly great grandparents never having used it and being in their 90’s. Thank you for sharing this message 🙏

My dad refused to ever use sunscreen and he had a few skin cancers cut off. He laboured and lived in the sun. But, he is 97 and basically healthy.

I am fair skinned and prone to burning after short periods out in the sun; until 3 years ago, that is. 3 years ago I stopped eating/using seed oils and HFCS and instead now just use tallow, bacon fat, or real butter and raw sugar or raw honey and I can stay outside all day and not even get a tinge of pink. Change what you put in the body and you will change how the body performs.

Oh my… just the tip of the iceberg… perhaps one day we will be able to live in a sane society that values clean water, organic Whole Foods, sunshine, barefoot time on the grass, hugs, clean and safe homes for all and deep meaningful contribution to society. I have a dream! ❤ Thank you Sam once again for being a light in an insane world .❤❤❤

Sam, as an Obstetric Anesthesiologist, I was asked about my thoughts about the use of Nitrous Oxide in labor analgesia. Numerous physicians, nurses, midwives hoping to offer another pain control modality hoped that this addition would draw more business to the institution. Everyone raved about how convenient it is to administer without the need to involve an anesthetist, and how safe it is because it is so commonly used in dental offices. Well, when I mentioned that it irreversibly and permanently inactivates enzymes needed for DNA synthesis, they shrugged it off as unimpressive. Even some of my colleagues referred to Sweden's overwhelming common usage as implied safety since we have not heard of anything bad arising from that. My answer: we've not looked long and hard enough. Evidence based medicine has hijacked medical practice by throwing out time honored first principle based common sense approach grounded by our oath of doing no harm. Do no harm mantra needs to be central to all healthcare practices! Hats and sun blocking clothing may be cumbersome or even inconvenient, but they do less harm than smearing countless chemicals on our skins to be absorbed over hours and hours under the sun.

Anytime a doctor tells me to do something, I do the opposite. Seems to be working...69 with zero health issues.

How can vitamin D be absorbed if our bodies, especially those of little children, are plastered in chemicals.

I realized this years ago coming from a farming family. Older relatives spent their entire lives outside in the sun, wind and rain and they never got skin cancer or had moles change over time. We emigrated from the UK in the 1840's and most of us are fair skinned as am I. It's just anecdotal but I have been eating a 95% carnivore diet for about 2 years and don't use sun screen and I rarely get as badly sun burnt as I have before removing carbohydrates from my diet. I don't use deodorants, perfumes, skin cleansers, nail polish, nail polish removers, or make up either.

I think you're spot on. I've always refused to wear sunscreen - and get vaccinated..... and and and..... and I'm in perfect health! 🙂

I notice a blob of sunscreen on my bathroom door that I apparently got on there as I was putting on sunscreen a day earlier! When I discovered it and wiped it off it took the paint off the door! Not gunna use that crap anymore!!

For 2000 years man has not used synthetic DRUGS!! And NOW big PHARMA Insist we do so???? I will only use herbs and I am 80 years old .

I come from the Caribbean, we never use sunscreen and we went to the beach everyday in the school vacations. We never heard about skin cancer cause by the sun. I moved to Canada many years ago and.....protect your skin from the sun! What..?? i never use it them and not now, my kids either. Nice to see this, i love all your info. Thanks

Years ago the WHO’s cancer research agency IARC classified the contraceptive pill as a class A carcinogen alongside Tobacco and asbestos.

Never used sunscreen i just make sure i expose skin slowly increasing exposure times covering up and using a zinc ointment 🌞 i love the sun i find it so healing

It’s crazy, the last 3 years has lead me to question everything. I’m now detoxing my life and my body at 49 is in the best shape it’s ever been. Carnivore diet, no alcohol, no cans of deodorant, no sugar, no man made anything. I’m pumping PBs in the gym, dropped weight I’ve been carrying since I was 25. Wow! Love the work your doing, we’ve been acting as a flock of sheep for too long.

Started Surfing at age 12, (Surfed in Australia for 6 months in 1982), never used sunscreen, later did a lot of sailing, which I still enjoy. Used sunscreen once on a Cruise ship, gave me a horrendous rash. I am 73 now, no skin cancer, I use Mushroom supplements, Pomegranate Juice, Kale, and Kiwi as preventatives for all cancers.

Adequate cholesterol in the near surface skin layers is sunburn protective at normal levels of exposure. The cholesterol is essential in the process to form Vit d3 from the sun.

Pure science, such a rare thing these days.Thanks Sam.

I the 90s I read an article that sun burns and skin damage were accelerated by consuming diet sodas and taking birth control pills. I don't remember the details but it made perfect sense

I never had a sunburn again after I started a low carb, high fat animal based diet, cutting out all of the vegetable oils as well. It's the sugars and ultra processed crap foods causing this. I know many who have the same experience.

Daily sunshine ☀️ I appreciate you so much Dr Sam

Omg look how cute you looked in your little hat hehe. Thanks for this! Im trying to eliminate seed oils and vegetable oils. I grew up cooking mostly with those oils so im trying to learn new recipes without the use of them. I never used sunscreen and quite frankly i never liked the way it felt on my skin. Same with deodorant, i try to use lemon under my arms. The acid also helps lightening the dark spots. Also, when I spend time in the sun my energy levels get so high! I can do so much more once I've spent more time in the sun!

20 years back, my father... who was in his early 60's at the time... was told by his doctor that he needed to use sunscreen to protect from cancer. I know this as fact, because I was there with him. For the next couple of years I watched him put his sunscreen on daily, and watched how he would take gobs of the sunscreen and smear his ears with so much there were gobs still there after he was finished rubbing it in. I was also there when a few years later he was diagnosed with cancer and had to have his left ear and his lymphnode removed because they were cancerous... just like I told him was going to happen because he kept smearing it on like he was. After he had his ear and lymphnode removed he was diagnosed as cancer free. Then a few years later he was once again diagnosed with cancer, this time in his lower lip. That second time I managed to convince him to go see an "alternative" health practitioner... unfortunately only as a supplement to his "regular" doctor. And the furthest he would go was to take a couple of herbs that would help him with the radiation treatment... he was scheduled for at least 5 days of a radiation "pill" injected into his lip... to help improve the radiation treatment itself and to help so that he didn't feel sick with the treatment. What I recall about that was how the doctors were really surprise at how after ONLY 2 days the radiation treatment had worked and they needed to stop the treatment early. They really were very surprised by this.

Wide brimmed hat, long sleeved white cotton shirt, no sun glasses, no sun screen.

Nutrient dense berries, meat, butter, pure water, aloe Vera, rose water, rose hip oil, sea buckthorn oil, jojoba oil. Daily outdoor activity, sunbathing and meditation.

Dr Bailey, i tattoo for a living and I know skin well! I’ve noticed in the past that ppl would come in for appointments brown and burnt and it was a drama. Not anymore now they mostly come in lily white, it’s great for art but when I talk with clients I’m noticing a trend of ppl just not getting any sun at all. Ppl don’t know about tempering skin anymore, they say I can’t go in the sun for 5 minutes without getting burnt.. We have become cave dwellers! We have lost our understanding of basic natural ways.. I appreciate the video, this all started with the ozone layer and for 10 years of us saying the sun isn’t what it used to be… 😅

It is not even about seeking shade when the sun is intense, it is about building it up gradually and not going from living inside most of the time during the day to being in the bright sun with your naked skin. Either build it up over the year (wearing short sleeves as soon as the UV-index gets a tiny bit higher or build it up with short durations in the spring before you expose your skin for prolonged duration in the mid of summer. I walk with a sleeveless shirt and short pants starting in late February or early March in the Netherlands and I walk and cycle a lot in between 10 AM and 4 PM. Once it is May/June/July/August my skin has enough protection from melanin that it won't burn when I am in the sun with my skin for 6 hours straight. It is just a matter of building it up and you will be protected against both sunburn and cancer. So in brief, the fundamental problem is that people live inside most of the year, wear sleeves and long pants most of the year but suddenly go outside when the sun is at its most intense and consequentially go from 0 to extreme instead of building it up over the year. Sam's husband automatically discoverd this by simply being outside all year long.

Sam thank you for the video. I'm 70 year old, migrated from Finland 1987 and live in Brisbane. I'm really fair , hair and skin. I got burned sometime from sun exposer but it has never been too bad. I had breast pre-cancer 2010 and changed my diet to organic food, avoid all chemicals on skin and at home as much as I can. I enjoy being in sun and having a nice tan on my skin. Getting enough vit D and melatonin from the sun. I don't burn my skin because I take astaxanthin which they say may help to protect skin from ultraviolet damage. Astaxanthin accumulates in the epidermis and dermis layers of skin, helping to block UV penetration and reduce existing damage. It's a powerful antioxidant and I have noticed it's the nature's own 'sunscreen'. I never liked sunscreens and I would never ever put it on my skin.

Another excellent presentation, Sam! Thank you! I'm in my sixties and gave up sunscreens 30 years ago after having BCC's removed surgically quite often (using sunscreens). I stopped using those products, use a wide brim hat and long sleeve cotton clothes. I do get a little sunburned occasionally (living in North Queenland, Australia will do that) with outdoor activities like fishing, boating and sometimes my work. I do have a small BCC which hasn't changed in years and have bi-annual skin checks that aside from the above, are clear. The skin specialist said: "Keep up with the sunscreen"! I didn't have the heart to tell him I don't use those products...

My brother put on the back of the funeral card at my father's funeral last year donations to cancer research But I received the first call from the hospital when he died 2 hours earlier hearing for the first time that he died of cancer after months in hospital So why would anyone give money to them having done ZERO My brother and I no longer talk My father died after one jab Super healthy one week before

I noticed that dermo cancers seemed to grow AFTER the big sunscreen push

Been ketovore for 14 years. Never used sunscreen, dont use shampoo, dont use toothpaste. Before you wonder, my hair is clean, im rarely at the dentist compared with before I was ketovore and i just came back from a week in Tenerife with no sunscreen used. I never burn and i tan really easily but it never used to be that way when i eat seed oils. From a previously pasty white Scotsman to a healthy tanned human id say thats not bad and the best thing is its available for everyone and its free ❤

I noticed the article you flashed up on bowel cancer. Roughage is good right? Cereals, bread with lots of seeds in, nuts? Many of us have been told how long our bowel is when straightened out (very long), so to fit in our bodies it would be reasonable to assume that the walls of the bowel are very thin. How good it must be to have all this hard to digest roughage scraping it's way down the walls of our bowels damaging them, possibly causing micro tears and allowing fecal material to leach into our blood stream. It's interesting that this should have come up in my feed as in the last couple of days I had been wondering if sun screen might possibly be a cause of skin cancer. Drinks that once came in glass bottles, now in plastic. Food wrapped in plastic. Clothes made from oil based materials. Cooking oils chemically extracted from plants - sunflower, rape seed, corn and palm oils to name a few. Oil based products are carcinogenic are they not? When I was a child the importance of not swallowing fluoride toothpaste and rinsing the mouth well after cleaning teeth was a big thing, yet now fluoride is added to tap water, still, you do have the choice to buy bottled water, of course the bottle it comes in is made from plastic though. I could go on and on. The short of it is we've been lied to for decades.

I have used sunscreen all my life to stop cancer and aging. 20 years ago I had hyperpigmentation 2nd to Doxycycline for acne and told it was irreversible . So wore sunblock winter as well as summer in UK ! Then around 2017 I noticed my hyperpigmentation was gone & I decided to stop all sunblock to give my skin a rest and because it didn't stop aging skin especially on hands At same time my vit D level was around 55 ( extremely low). I have never worn any sunblock since , take Vit D and my skin looks a lot better ( I also eat more natural fats , no sugar and lower carbs ). I avoid midday sun etc or cover up a little depending on intensity and duration . In summary , What a total waste of time , money and a huge health hazard. If I had known back then what I know now since COVID ..........

Whenever somebody repeats the claim about sunlight causing cancer, I always ask this rhetorical question: "If that were true, then would we be here having a conversation, having been descended from ancestors that spent most of their day outdoors, and before the introduction of purported sunblock products?" I'm a fair skinned middle aged man with Irish and European genetics. I've been living in South Florida for over 8 years. I spend 1-2 hours walking outdoors, without "sunblock," several days a week, without getting burned but getting glorious darker color, while boosting immune-boosting Vitamin D. The only time I get redness is if I eat fried food, where the vegetable oil (also a component in mot sunscreen products) is the root cause of the inflammation.

Never consuming seed oils for the last few years has changed my skins reaction to the sun. No need for sunscreen and tan easily.

I haven’t used any for about 20yrs (since I woke up). I’m now 60.. go to Greece every year,and I’m just careful in the sun, SL companies are a billion dollar industry! And cancer is big business!.. the sun is a life giver…not a killer!… I’m with you Sam .

Cancer council - increased cancer, Diabetes Australia- increased diabetes, Heart Foundation - increased heart disease! Say no more…

owww youtube wont like this. Anyone questioning anything is bad. keep up the good work.

I don't use any sunscreen now as I don't trust them. I sit in the sun for 10mins then put on a sun hat , a light blouse and light trousers.

Who would have thought that covering yourself in petro-chemical derivatives and then slowly frying yourself in the sunshine would be bad for your skin? Also how much of a vitamin D reduction is caused by sunscreen ?

Hi Dr San, your video is excellent, the information is so valuable and lots of common sense. I spent a week in Spain in August and tempatures were up to 34 degrees and I never put on a drop of sunscreen, its lethel stuff and most people are not aware of the dangers of it, thank you so much for sharing this information, Tadhg.

I instinctively didnt use sunscreen on my kids. I had experienced getting burnt only where i had put sunscreen. I also knew our skin was our biggest organ and sunscreen was full of chemicals and two were not a good match.

Brilliant to hear some common sense information. I am so sick of having sunscreen constantly pushed, telling people to wear it everyday day! I stopped completely several years ago. I don't sit out in it during the hotest part of the day, but if this is unavoidable then I would use zinc. I find it very strange that the sun is demonised as vitamin D is synthesised on the skin and as we know vitamin D is essential to health. I also avoid vegetable oils and processed food.

What are your and Mark's thoughts, now, on sunglasses? I've been against sunscreen for a long time but I also have an aversion to sunglasses. Anything that prohibits my body from responding to sun damage normally is downright dangerous, and I can put up with the brightness of the sun as long as I don't stare at it for too long...

I got a second degree sunburn on my face and shoulders when I was in my teens (I used what I thought was sunblock but it was just lotion, and then I went on a boat ride) and I’ve been waiting to hear ever since that I have skin cancer now. Maybe I do already but I haven’t noticed yet 😬 but I also had a weird feeling about traditional sunscreen. I found zinc oxide was really effective, but I really only need it on boat rides.

Absolutely brilliantly said, Sam!

I have to echo what others have said- I have been eating low carb for a few years now and I can't even remember the last time I got sun burn. I spend all day in the sun, even in June and July when the UV is at it's highest and still no burns. Not only that but going low carb also eradicated an IBD I had and have been on no medication since 2018 after docs told me I would be on 6 pills a day for the rest of my life! Follow the money!

All I know is -and I'm fair- the areas of my body I protected look decades younger than the areas I havent. The ozone is continuing to degenerate despite sunscreen use. I use mostly zinc. The exposed area of my back I never protected developed a growth protected areas looked pristine.

So pleased you are back loaded with incredible information! Thank you ! Blessings from above!😇

I've stated so many times that skin cancer is related to sunblock that I expected this video to be accredited to my comments! I'm a redhead. I've hated sunblock all my life. My parents couldn't slather enough on me fast enough "so I got burnt" to a crisp. Today I subscribe to the Weston A. Price idea that our sun is life! I work outside in minimal clothes in the morning & evening. When the sun becomes uncomfortable, I put on more clothes, or take a break. My tan is as dark as it's ever been. I don't burn in the sun. I refuse sunblock, unless it's the shade of a tree, light clothing, etc. I'm absolutely convinced that blocking skin pores to retard skin exposure is cancerous!

Thank you!!! I used to use sunscreen on summer holiday (10 days a year) and maybe a couple of other days during the summer. But my moles starting appearing after one holiday (6 years ago) that was extremely stressful (ended in a break up of a 6 y unhealthy relationship) and I got something that was diagnosed as herpes zoster outbreak after it, and then in the following months moles started coming up and haven't still stopped appearing and growing. A doctor told me they are viral (?!). I think it's a combination of a stressful trigger and then continued because of food addiction... I am trying different things for both stress and food stuff.

I haven't used it for years (or sunglasses) and work on an organic farm, outside all day. I do wear a full brimmed hat and use pure shea butter on my face, that's it. I will use mineral zinc sunscreen on high altitude snow hikes/climbs though, up above 4000m the UV exposure can be quite brutal. I went to the Indian Himalayas in 2018 and the inside of my nostrils got absolutely cooked from the sun reflection off the snow @ 4300-4700m above sea level.

Hello, lookup Ivor Cummins' video "D for debacle". Sunscreen blocks UVb (good one) which supports Vit D creation AND protection from harmful UVa. Sunscreen DOES NOT block UVa. The idea is to get as much sun tan as possible without burning the skin. AND drop seed oil consumption - you will get burned max in 4 hours as opposed as in just 30 minutes.

I completely stopped using sunscreen 3 years ago and I must say I don't get burnt anymore. I spent way more time on the beach in the sun that I did with my sunscreen on. I got even nice tan, I don't get sunburn and I don't peel after it anymore. Amazing. Looks like my skin problems during summers was all because of sunscreen. Edit: Last year I convinced my mom and girlfriend to stop using sunscreen too and they both said that they won't go back to using it anymore because they don't get bad sunburns anymore

I grew up using nothing because my parents didn't believe in it. We're all fine so far as far as skin goes. When I had my own children in NZ I was told to Slip, slip, slap, then I got very low in vitamin D. I use coconut oil now and a big hat. I'd love to hear what you have to say about flouride in water though.

I don't use sunscreen at all, knowing that ancient humans thrived without it having to walk outdoors every single day in their search for food in their nomadic lifestyle.

About 2 years after starting carnivore diet I do not need any sunscreen at all... I just get tan, I no longer burn. Also the tan is long lasting, still have some in the spring of the next year.

What a great video. Thank you. 15 minutes a day is all it takes to get our daily vitamin D. Making sure our arms and legs are exposed. When I do go out in the sun for longer periods, I put on pure organic coconut oil on my skin and I have never gotten burnt and I am fair. I lost my sister to breast cancer back in 2005. She had the lot, surgery, radio and chemo. This led me down the path of a deep dive into what causes cancer. Oh the revelations! I much prefer the option of preventing than treating and its less expensive. I make sure I activate my Nrf1 and Nrf2 pathways, and activate my surtuin production by taking NAD. I am the healthiest I have ever been and I am in my early 50's.

Horrendously right for those WHO want to cause harm.

Coconut oil

I agree, don't see how a pile of chemicals can be good for ones skin. I try to keep to early mornings and evening for outside activities like walking and swimming during the summer months. If I go outside in the peak of day, I wear a hat, long sleeve lightweight cotton shirt and just be sensible.

Clay or coconut oil.

I sometimes use organic carrot seed oil, it has a natural SPF of 35-40 and consume a clean organic diet. Even though I'm fair-skinned and living in CA, I no longer burn.

Thank you Sam for this video. Very informative. It is interesting how much this industry is pushed everywhere, even in schools. Students in Australia have to have sunscreen on when playing In sporting events, cause there have been cases whereby students got burnt and parents sued education department for teachers being neglence for not enforcing the sunscreen on students. 😮

Thank you, Dr. Sam and Mark!

How ironic that the commercial inserted into this video was one for raising funding for Cancer research!!!

Brilliant Sam! Nice work.

Welcome back to RU-vid, Dr. Sam. Great stuff, as usual.

Great presentation Dr. Sam

Brilliant Stuff ... Dr.Bailey ... :)

Brilliant work, thanks Sam.❤

In 1991, when I was taking Cosmetic Chemistry at UCLA ( a rare class offered. With international students that already had multiple PhD s) the statement was as follows. The Society stated that 1. The active ingredient/ aggravant that basically pissed off the T cells and so forth should be changed every 2 years world wide. This constant man made battle would cause fatigue and collapse of the very system we needed to protect us. Using the same aggravant would likely cause a “so what” attitude from our bodies if survival genes/ processes kicked in. This in itself would increase cancer. The Society also wanted sunscreen /SPF put in one cosmetic item only so that a person knew when they were using it. Obviously, regardless how loud chemists shouted, no recommendations were followed. It was then put in everything for sales/profits. They knew from the beginning. They knew. We shouted. God bless.

I’ve very rarely used sunscreen in my life. I live in North Queensland (tropics) and am very regularly outside all day with just a cap to protect against the sun (actually I can’t wear my headphones with a wide brimmed hat) I never burn and I have an amazing tan. If it gets too hot, I just go down to the river and take a swim. My diet is mostly meat and eggs

At 74 now never used the stuff love being out in the sun , no lotions and poitiones going on my skin thankyou for the video ❤❤❤

Great video Dr. Sam!

I cant find any articles right now but i have read about two different cases saying that of you dont consume processed oils (only olive, coconut, animal fats) then you wont get sunburnt. Totally works for me, and i am in the sun alot).

That was trait who explained. Well done on taking the time to make this.

Another amazing video. Thank you, Sam!

I use to use a sunscreen but will rather take my chances with the sun even living now in a subtropical climate and spending a good few hours of every day around the beach.

Great video. Thank you

Great video and finally some common sense backed with facts. In my 60 years I have followed what you say here and could never understand people smothering themselves in toxic chemicals. Also never trusted these bodies giving advice when the rates continually get worse. Well done!

I stopped consuming seed oils and sunscreen two years ago and haven't burned since 🤔

Use tallow and zinc oxide only, there are recipes out there to make your own sunscreen.

Thank you, Dr. Sam Bailey, for providing the helpful information

What a fortunate man you are Mark, what a score this lovely lady is! Well done mate!

Love your videos - thank you for the time , effort and information.

So glad I discovered your videos. This is excellent. I was actually considering starting to make my own health videos to share this information with friends and family but I don't need to bother now I am just going to share your videos.

Thanks Dr. Sam 👍👍👍

Well presented Sam 👏👏👏🫡

I disliked sunscreen since I was a child. We spent many summers in the African sun... you can get a healthy tan by exposing your skin for small amounts of time to the sun each day and wear something to cover your skin when you have to be outside for a longer time period, wear a hat. Something that is worth mentioning is that a good diet will also protect your skin. Carrot juice and tomato paste can significantly reduce sunburn!

In the UK I love sunbathing and generally being in the sun and have done all my life. I have never used sunscreen instead only stay in direct sunlight for 10 minutes in May and then go in the shade when you can still get a suntan. I increase the time I spend in direct sunlight as the summer progresses but it never ends up longer than 30 minutes. Sunburn is the killer as that will lead to cancer quicker than anything. By being a sunbather you can get the best levels of vit D but stay shaded.

Brilliant video!!! Thank you for speaking the truth, Dr. Bailey!!

Been shocked to hear some of our resident Utube derms recommend wearing sunscreen INDOORS as well as out. (Yes, you heard right.) I want to know where - and I've posed the question in comments sections - people who are applying factor 50 every day, often under make-up, are going to get their vitamin D from, if they don't take it orally? Raspberry and carrot oils have naturally high spf, and aren't toxic. That's what I use when tanning.

Interesting question. For the majority of my life I used to burn being out in the sun for 20-30 minutes. About 10 years ago I started taking large doses of Vitamin D. Since then, I can spend hours in the sun and I don't burn. It makes sense to me why people who are on a keto or carnivore diet stopped getting sunburned. Too bad that science doesn't catch up with our body's capabilites.

UV radiation is catalyst for omega6 breakdown causing skin inflammation or sunburnt. Haven’t use any sunscreen for years, and exposing myself to sun for hours, didn’t have any sunburn since going carnivore. Carnivore/keto diet causes optimizing the omega6/omega3 ratio that should be

Hello 👋 Dr. Bailey, thank you for sharing this informative video. Please keep up your great informational videos. Greetings from Northern California. Take good care of yourself. 😊

Thank you, Dr. Sam.