May God reward Dr. Clarke's contribution to the world. He was a wonderful teacher and a reliable source of information, knowledge, and critical thinking.
According to Azumah these five faces are: 1. The missional face-the face that seeks to convert the world to Islam. 2. The mystical face-the face that focuses more on spiritual things. 3. The ideological (political) face-the face that seeks to occupy the public sphere, by implementing sharia (or Islamic) law. 4. The militant face-this is the face of Islam that seeks to achieve its ends by the use of violence. 5. The progressive face-this face is usually self-critical, and seek to reread the Koran in light of present realities. These groups don’t stand in isolation from one another. Instead, they are more like concentric circles, randomly overlapping at various points. Each Muslim person is likely a unique combination of different aspects of some of these five faces. But they also cannot be lumped together under one big heading of “Islam”. To speak of Islam as a single monolithic entity is to miss the point entirely.
