After a year I think it would be nice to have option to make a pattern - just like you made a custom block, but pattern, save custom css inside pattern and one click option to convert pattern to block. Sometimes in the past I used CBB plugin (Content Blocks Builder) - it has some nice workflow to create blocks from blocks, patterns etc, but unfortunately not in core way. Hope WP core team will move in this area. As always - great video tutorial, Best, Paul
There are two types of blocks - dynamic blocks that use a PHP file to render the final block, and static blocks, which save the final markup in the content and don't need any additional PHP files to show up. This examples uses a static block.
No, sorry - only one set of InnerBlocks per a block. You could have two custom blocks, each with their own InnerBlocks, but that's maybe getting a little complicated.