Hi friends, thanks for watching! Huge thanks to Brilliant for sponsoring this video. To try everything Brilliant has to offer FREE for a full 30 days, visit brilliant.org/ParthG/. The first 200 of you will get 20% off Brilliant’s annual premium subscription. Also, a big thanks to @ChrisPattisonCosmo for working with me on this video. You need to go check out his channel now if you haven't seen it already. Also, he did a video looking at Einstein's blackboard in more detail. Check it out here: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-AB_RyZzGFEg.html
I think you need to remember that at that time he was working on a generalization of relativity that involved allowing the normally symmetric tensors to become non-symmetric having both symmetric and antisymmetric parts. Look at Appendix 2 of The Meaning of Relativity 5th Ed. to get the contest.
String Theory was not a waste of time. Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: "A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damn good." Ernest Rutherford The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone. 1/137 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?
Find the ground: Newton could not find the Gravitational Agent (it is his term) because of his Absolute Time. Einstein rejected Absolute Time, introduced Time Dilation, but used 4-dimensional abstract surrogate (of 3-dimensional space and 1-dimensional time) to explain gravity. That was just math model, and not materialistic Newtonian Agent. Only recently (thanks to Bob Lazar's empirical evidence) gravity was explained as difference in pushes from quantum fluctuations due to time dilation. Sounds mouthful but can be explained even to a middle schooler: "Time Matters: 3rd edition" pages 76-79.
@@ParthGChannel I answered one - The gravitational pull on an electron going through a double-slit experiment is directed towards the center of the earth. This pull is extremely weak due to the electron's very small mass, but the direction is still towards the Earth's Center, just like any other object on or near the earth's surface
This is the first time I've seen anybody talk about what Einstein was working on late in his life without feeling the need to say he was out of touch with mainstream physics and left behind.Ive always thought this was arrogant considering Einsteins contributions to physics and his deep insights to deeper understandings.General Relativity and quantam mechanics are unfinished, Einstein knew this and labored many years to try and finish these theories.Its ashamed more didn't trust his intuition and work with him.
One way to present this in a modern form would be to cite "Spacetime Calculus for Gravitation Theory" by David Hestenes in parallel with examination of the 1955 equations.
Einstein was, what, 76 years old then? As a 71 year old person who studied some. physics in college many years ago at Berkeley (unfortunately I did not get to GR) my brain is today much slower and more awkward than it was 50 years ago. Whether that has anything to do with Einstein's mental processes at age 76 of course I can only speculate. Speaking only about myself, I used to be pretty good at writing down, for example, the differential equations of multiple coupled harmonic oscillators, and building software to animate their motion in real time. Today I would struggle to write those systems down coherently, I think. I could probably still write some code to do the animation, but the equations would just be living in my mind and would likely look like a mess if I wrote them down. Now maybe I should see if ChatGPT could write some of that code for me! I signed up for the $20/month plan at OpenAI, so I. might as well try it.
"The quantum entanglement of astroturf with liquid sunlight logarithms eventually evolves above the threshold of university diplomas due to electric and magnetic fields. Cleaning a fish tank restores smoothness and shine to the first dandelions of spring using vibration therapy to combat shoe odor. This is spooky action at a distance because time is relative to shaving cream. This phenomenon is often reinforced by a cultural tendency to focus on antiseptic moist towelettes seen in low resolution pixelation. When we experience multiple examples of self-esteem and body confidence, plastic moose antlers are sanitized for our protection with jellybeans. Turf density and foot traffic are factors to consider when ensuring the longevity of stainless steel femto-angstroms self-assembling into structures of potato salad. This is no different than solving a mathematical equation asking pertinent questions about Wolf-Rayet stars turning into black holes. Doesn’t that sound nice? According to the superposition principle of quantum mechanics, out-of-body experiences can be caused by a hot cup of delicious turnip tea." ---Albert Einstein
The other part of the blackboard is just projecting the Ricci tensor along a direction, and the writing it down in terms of Christoffel connections with unconventional lowered index, then in terms of the metric. The little v's are (according to another commentator) a "symmetrize" notation for his tensor, which includes an antisymmetric part. The degree-of-freedom count includes what we would today call "gauge invariance" reducing the number of degrees of freedom, this is what Einstein was investigating in his last works.
The last work, or rather, the last published article by Einstein is about something else entirely. Read about it on the last page of this article: "It can be convincingly proved that reality cannot be represented by a continuous field at all. It seems to follow from quantum phenomena that a finite system with finite energy can be completely described by a finite set of numbers - quantum numbers... A purely algebraic theory is required to describe reality." (Einstein, January, 1955).
As I said on Chis' channel, to me it clearly says "field-op" (field operator / field operation) and not "KILLING". Does he try to represent g_ij as a field of lambda.sigma_ij, to apply a field operator on it? Expressed as a field rather than a metric, it should be quantizable, since the tetrads are one-dimensional objects? I am not a mathematician nor a physicist, though.
It doesn't say "killing" - it says "field---" (Not sure what follows the word "field".) The left side of what you take to be a "K" is the right hand side of the box around the number "3".
Another thing to point out is were not able to see whether or not the black space surrounding objects in space moves or stays with an object but I'd say anything producing heat past the point of no gravity keeps that same black space were just not able to see it yet.
Great job on this topic. Working out a tetrad representation of GR was by no means a difficult problem so I can only imagine that the equations on the board was not part of Einstein's current research at time of his death. One can image the work left there was notes for a lecture or to share with a physics student perhaps. Non the less, interesting topic.
Fortunately we have software to easily calculate things like matrices operations. I believe that blackboard has just partial incomplete work. Perhaps he was thinking and trying and erasing...
The tetrad formalism is particularly useful in theories where the connection might have torsion, which is a feature not present in the purely metric approach of GR. Torsion represents a twisting of spacetime, which can be naturally incorporated into the framework of tetrads. Teleparallel gravity is an equivalent class of theories to GR that describe gravity in terms of torsion rather than curvature. There is also Einstein-Cartan gravity, which include both a curvature and a torsion tensor. Torsion is a natural way to describe fermion fields.
Fantastic and thanks! I have for years pondered from time to time what Einstein might have been working on in his last days, and now you have (or are) providing it! As it appears no one else has delved into this, PLEASE CONTINUE! This is something that needs to be done for mankind. I might suggest some image processing enhancement: it looks like those pictures (and the desk pics) could be enhanced considerably with some basic image processing. I’d be happy to give that a whorl, although I’ll bet if you called up MathWorks and asked for their support to enhance the images for you, I believe they would be thrilled to do it (you just can’t buy that kind of PR in the science, math and engineering world). Fantastic venture, all the best, and let us know if we can help!
Always keen to watch deep dive videos. I'd like one showing step by step how you can prove that F=m1.m2/R^2 is the limiting case of the GR field equation.
@@k_tell I have a playlist called 'the photon death spiral of doom' I think that provides some details. I really need to redo those, I'm going to be teaching a course in tensor calculus and general relativity in the Fall.
Dear Parth, Dear Chris, many sincere thanks for your thoughtful explanations! You are but missing herewith only one thing, which is but of tremendous importance and significance: WHY WAS Albert Einstein so STUBBORNLY WORKING on the PHYSICAL MATHEMATICS you are devoting some 15 minutes of your inflammatory speech to??? WHY this Relativity story at all??? 1. Albert had not been a professional physicist (not to speak of a chemist, biologist, etc.), a likewise professional philosopher - in reality, after we get rid of the entire 100-years-old poisonous marketing around his name, he was a THEORETICAL ENGINEER instead, he was an inventor - not more - but also - not LESS than that. Well, then, how could he manage to deliver a crucial contribution to the natural sciences realm? Due to a powerful METHODOLOGICAL TRICK he skillfully introduced and employed - but not authored: 2. If your theory encounters some awkward equations with solutions not straightforwardly interpretable using the framework of your theory, you urgently need some kind of "beating about the bush". 3. YES - this is just about Minkowski's relativity theory Albert has picked up and chosen to help getting rid of uneasy trajectories emerging when solving equations of motions suggested by the atomistic picture of our Universe. 4. 'Space-Time Continuum' is a METAPHYSICAL construct bringing a physically EXTENSIVE (Space) - and physically INTENSIVE (Time) - variables under one and the same conceptual roof. 5. This is just a skillful theoretical trick to be useful solely combinable with some relevant, some pertinent maths tools attachable to it - to form the PHYSICAL MATHEMATICS realms you are describing here. 6. Another bright example of the authoritative PHYSICAL MATHEMATICS ought to be Rudolf Clausius and Ludwig Boltzmann legacy well known as 'Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics'. The very keyword here ought to be 'Statistical', for these are the Probability Theory + Mathematical Statistics that allow to successfully head for theoretically investigating the modalities of any 'Equilibrium' and operating with them even if you are not quite sure - interplay among WHICH Exactly Actions AND Counteractions could have helped arrive at the 'Equilibrium' under your theoretical study. ...Well, but how about the MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS??? To follow the latter, we have to revert to Hon. Isaac Newton's legacy-> ...
Hmm... it feels like there are some spacetimes representable in a metric tensor that aren't representable as tetrads on flat spacetime, but I could be wrong
I know Einstein was working on his “Unified Field Theory” at the end of his life = unifying GR with Maxwell’s electromagnetism. Would Einstein’s use of the Tetrad version of GR simplify his attempts to unify GR with Maxwell’s 4 EM field equations? Or, would this make absolutely no sense?
Einstein seems to have been working towards a "gauge theory of gravity" when he wrote on that board. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory_gravity These theories are based on Einstein-Cartan geometry instead of Riemannian geometry. The "tetrad" approach allows for generalizations of Einstein's "General Relativity" of 1916 and gravitation then looks strikingly analogous to electromagnetism. Friedrich Hehl of Cologne refined this idea in the 1970s. (I was one of his collaborators.)
How many degrees of freedom was it in the end, Parth? Ten if the full description of space time curvature can be reduced down to a symmetrical 4*4 metric tensor? Or are there more constraints that bring the number down?
Yet space time is not flat; it is spherical From our perspective- flat spherical because our universe is expanding like a bubble within a grand universe
Wrong the ball on the table still has three degrees of freedom because there are factors your not factoring in even if you have a perfect sphere and perfect flat surface there are outside forces that can affect the height of the sphere. But just because the value of something is 0 doesn't mean it doesn't exist or not relevant because without that 0 you wouldn't know where the ball was mathematically only visually.
Hii parth, I am anik.Its a great video. I have a RU-vid channel in Bangladesh. I want to make a video in this topic in bengali language. May use your video as a reference in my video??
Does the universe expand out? Or expand IN to itself? Gravity causes every geodesic to curve towards and eventually end in a singularity. Whether it is a small one, an atom, or a larger one.
To finish Einstein's work you can't follow it in a rigid sense of verbatim... Dark Energy+Unified Field=Conditions For Quantum Entanglement... Humans crutch on the sense of sight, which hinders progress... Humans also follow the dollar as a god and economics as it's religion, which hinders our perception of time... Time does not flow on one line, as in Timeline... Following the dollar creates this flawed perception because it's easier to calculate structures like pay scales and man hours, among many other things... The human calendar also reflects this fundamental flaw... Time is not a 4th dimension, it is a relative perception... Time is the measurement of the rate of change of Universal Decay, in every sense of the term Decay... Energy is everything, and everything is energy... Energy isn't created or destroyed, it just transmits from phase to phase and from location to location... Time is how we measure those transmissions... Time is relative to the lifespan, spins, orbits, source star, and environmental conditions of the intelligent lifeform measuring it... Time flows in all directions, omnipresently... Change being the only constant is also comparable to Time Never Stops, because they are the same, Time and Change... Dark Energy is an Energetic Intelligence, not the thoughtless form of energy that modern physics currently believes... Even Einstein stated that you must step outside of the human experience to resonate epiphanies... That's how he was given the profound information he was given... They refer to it as a Trance Like State... This is how Dark Energy feeds humans the information, but the human must be capable of receiving these Frequencies, which a whole other explanatory monologue in itself... Dark Energy=Energetic Intelligence Unified Field=Everything Is Connected Quantum Entanglement=Psychic Abilities, Telepathy, ESP, Precognition, etc etc etc... The energy utilized for all of these abilities is the same... The difference is how the energy is applied... Allowing the dollar to dictate our research hinders human evolution... It All Circles Back Around To Survival Overdrive... Following the dollar as a god is the result of the fact that if you have no money, you die, therefore giving the dollar a godlike presence in your life... One Should Never Dismiss Psychology During Diagnosis Of Any Universal Situation... And All Situations Are Universal... There's much more to it than that, but this is alot of info to absorb over time, if you choose to do so... I'll leave it there for now...
The metric tensor explanation is wrong the light would be straight and seen from all angles irregardless of were your at it's more like a light in the dark. On a sphere the lines are kind of parallel but there not because they curve and create more of an oval meaning there not parallel. Einstein last work is explained through magnetism and electricity or heat essentially creating all molecules magneticly attracted to each other creating gravity. The real question should be why do they do this inevitably you reach the answer of God. If you could decrease something so cold beyond the capabilities of the universe itself it would have no gravitational pull or gravity essentially being space itself as to why when its heated up it doesn't accumulate is because there's nothing there to accumulate all the negatives and positives are gone within the surrounding planets or stars.
@@creativesource3514 SR wrong due to reference frame mixing and bad math. See the source. GPS etc not understood either. All Standard Theory/Model wrong.
Some pseudoscience here. Could spacetime be thought of a compressible fluid, that it's density is affected by objects of mass? If so would that be profound?
Einstein's ultimate goal was a grand unified theory without the uncertainty principle. Maybe the thought this notation would help with that. My understanding is, a few times he thought he had reached such a unified equation, but there was always some problem, such as not making any new predictions.
I think ChatGPT (4.0) got a very good guess, if it didn't know for sure :D "At the time of his death, Albert Einstein had various mathematical equations and expressions written on the blackboard in his office. These equations were related to the unified field theory, which he was working on until the last days of his life. The unified field theory aimed to combine the forces of gravity and electromagnetism within a single, coherent framework. Although Einstein never completed the theory, his work has had a lasting impact on the field of theoretical physics."
Also, it just told me where it got this information from: "Yes, you can confirm this information through various sources. One such source is the book "Einstein: His Life and Universe" by Walter Isaacson. This biography provides an in-depth look at Einstein's life and work, including details about his office and the mathematical equations on his blackboard at the time of his death."
Ya's might have difficulty understanding this, but he's trying to include spacial density in the equations, i.e. one of the first attempts to describe compressed space or "Dark Matter" and or "Quantum Gravity" ;-) **M.B.Eringa** These days we know the density has to be an equivalent to the particle temperature in degrees Celsius or the c^3 scale, inverse squaring out to zero weight using inverse square law E=(r2/r1)^2.
"In order to question preconceived or fabricated assertions that the molecular manufacturing of antiseptic moist towelettes is best when enriched with trace elements leached from astroturf, the fine structure constant of rabid dogmas are dipped in buttter that mirrors the gravitational lensing of the special theory of echo chambers. Bio-neural subspace modules with argyle socks will then display an amazing charge density of windsurfing talk radio. And what does it squarely point to? Infrared spectroscopy that measures scientific orthodoxy emissions from materials in specific wavelengths of non-mammalian dinosaurs dancing the batusi. Truth prevails over imagination, diligently and efficiently binding to simple protein metabolic enzymes. This is so obvious that it isn’t even funny and improves overall health with sensible changes to whirlpools of popcorn. A rose by any other name is still a sunflower produced by the degassing of basaltic lava in thermal equilibrium. There has been much conversation on this and potato salad in deep sea sediment samples emitting ultrashort flashes of light. So it stands to reason that quantum level oscillations of cane toads are similar to the angular momentum of data analysis. The Wigner effect is the displacement of atoms in a solid caused by neutron radiation." ---Albert Einstein
Once Sonny got old enough and she no longer had to worry about him falling down a well all the time, Skippy left Waratah National Park and hopped west to get herself her dream education. Skippy got her doctorate in astrophysics from the University of Jerramungup in Western Australia and was one of the first to point out that Australia should really be called the Land Up Over since regarding the solar system from the southern ecliptic is the correct view and on world maps the South Pole should be at the top. Professor Skippy is a bit of a nitpicker when it comes to actual, specific details. Professor Skippy is currently teaching multiverse hyperdimensional dynamics at the University of Toowoomba in Queensland.
