Ethnic Groups of Iran 

Salam mi kunam .

You must be so beautiful then

Interesting...lovely silk road and its richness

Most racist people

@@DrMukhtarAlamDelhi salam banu

Was it by flight or spiritual????

@@SM-ye5xt SPIRITUAL????

Is azerbaijan a sovereign country ?

love Philippines!!! From iran 🥺🥰

Thank you. I'm an Iranian living in London. My partner is a Filipina. We are planning to go and live in Cavite after Coronavirus crisis is over.

but from 2001 to 2019 in my country Afghanistan America killed more then 2 million innocent people by the name of tererst. how can we forget and how we say america is love peace. impossible

We Have also no Problem with anybody on our planet. regardless of some people's religious & racism extremists. Iran Was Host and Is a Host land everyone from everywhere are welcome

I am an American and i want all of you to know that the US is a pigsty worthy of destruction, so I left it to not get nuked there. The whole world is worthy of destruction, but that country in particular is a monster among monsters. I am a Christian who prefers that the US repent, but face it; it won't.

@S S just shud up. Afghans never killed anyone by the name of Islaam. Islam means peace. So how can Afghans killed anyone by the name of peace

Well said, Reason; here's the enemy of all peoples in video "The Swiss Beast - Home of the Devil" in two parts.

Love and respect to Sri lanka from Iran✌💓

@@orionclouds3741 s:

Iranians are dark skinned like Sri Lankas

@@orionclouds3741 manusanukku srilanka mela avlo ishtam...

@@nevaltamay1988 really?

thanks man

Thanks. :)

You are pure Iranian bro زنده باد بلوچستان ✌💓

Our family wouldn't be complete without you.

if course we love our Baluch ❤️

In Iran Persians, Kurds, Baluchs , Lors and Bakhtiaris are pure native Iranians and we have other ethnicities that are not native but we still love them 🌞🌞🌞🌞

Galaxy and afghanistan yes 👍🏻 unfortunately most are in pak now instead of Iran 😑

afaaaw... Greetings from Iran

Iranian love the great japan also

Much respect from iran my freind. My father lived in Japan for five years and all he says about Japan is nothing but pure goodness and kindness from the Japanese

Incase you didn't know all Iranian have been grown with old Japanese cartoons but i still don't know why in nearly all of them the mother had to die from illness

We are very similar in our family culture and respect, that's why we love you so much❤️❤️

Thanks and love to our armenian brothers and sisters.

Thx We Love Armenians

Vano Sasuntsi your people was all part of persian empire until mid 19th century. Your ancestors have been Persians for 90%+ of world history give or take. It’s only a matter of chance that best parts of Persia were given to Soviet/Russia by the Qajars and let’s say, southern Caspian was not.

You are also part of iranic people..

@@kakooly no they are not.

@Panter Panta Pitty you are islamophobic.

@Panter Panta lmao and what reason is that?

Amazing alot of Red heads an Blondes

Beautiful People also the Beautiful Eyes

The Persian empire! Same you see in America, but Iranian people specifically are Persian, Kurd, Lor, Mazanderani, Gilak, Pashtuns, Baloch, and some others.

@@agostocobain2729yes you are right brother

Its about 31 years that we Iranian are in peace 😐🇮🇷 I never saw a real violence in Iran

..great!!! But i said “middle east” ... ✨

They are already in peace. They are educated, intelligent and rich too.

ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-veMFCFyOwFI.html

@@camilal.3125 That video is about Iran and Saudi proxy war but it doesnt mean Iran is unsafe just we have 2 real problems 1-Economic problems bc of US sanctions and corruption 2-Sharia laws(Islamic laws) we need Secularism

Salam you are also Iranian as Iranian as I am, and I am a Persian from Fars 3000 kilometres from Ossetia.

Hello dear friend, please keep your language alive, I heard that ossetia no longer speak osstians, this is very sad 💔

Im georgian 😐 remmber 2008 fuck you

They live in the southern provinces.

Yes they are but a minority

A famous Afro-iranian is singer Snoh Aalegra

@@howanagan5347 When did they settle in Iran ? So strange.

@@pascalheimbach861 I think they have come to Iran during different time periods, like when the Portuguese invaded some parts of southern Iran, the time when the British military dominated some southern cities, and some of them were probably brought to Iran by businessmen, because there used to be a lot of trade between port cities of Iran and Africa, as I have heard.

Hey Tommy, u wanna go to iran?? where r u from?

@@kianavareh6220 Am old man in La Vernia. Texas, US. Thank you

Allah protect us all.

@@tasinal-hassan8268 Thanks Allah it isn't war in Iran. I was afraid that it will be second Libya in Iran. I hate Jews and Americans.

@@paulina.maksymiak Allah loves everyone. May he guide or destroy his enemies. Many people abused his teachings and forced believers into pretending that they're atheists. He should deal with them as well.

تشکر برادر همزبان 💓✌

Bro, you’re Iranians too!

Love and respect to Pakistan from Iran✌💓

Really agreed the most beautiful people in the world are Iranians love from India❤🇮🇳

@@jeuneturc6233 Man your comments sound like hatred towards Pakistanis and Kurds. Unfortunately some Turks feel white-skinned and European but in reality other Europeans hate Turks and see Turks like rest of Muslims. Stop blindly following Donme zio-nist Mustafa Kemal

@@jeuneturc6233 Yeah i see … Alcoholism,, ped-ophilia, broken families, loose relationships, ignoring the old, disrespecting parents, fas-cism, naz-ism, zio-nism, Turkculuk, genocide, mass graves, communism … all gifts of European (un)civilisation to rest of humanity!

@@jeuneturc6233 Aisha was already divorced before marrying Prophet. Shia consider Aisha a li-ar and kaf-ir and hadis from her is not accepted. Only extreme Sunn-is the Da-esh and is-is that Turkey and NA-TO support in northern Syria take this hadis!

❤❤❤

I love somalia pirates

😍❤️🌹

I think Somalis and Sudanese are the most beautiful people on earth. Also very rich culture mashallah 🌹❤️❤️

plastic McDonald culture??

Yes thanks . Fabricated fregile frozen superficial celebrities and McDonald's culture

@@Bradley202 he mean usa lol

People want Mcdonald But we revaluation guys never do that😉😉

@Ali Azarmehr ❤️❤️❤️

salam aleykom . we love u and all muslims

@@FF-rw5ss wish you all the best and for you to get well very soon

@@the1417sea yeah, thanks

🌹🌹🌹🌹respect

Hello Brother

فدای شما ما و شما نداریم یکی هستیم خواهر عزیزم

We're one nation🌹

Do u know about Afghan immigrants are persecuted in iran?

@@ريما-ص2ز به هر حال تو همه ویدئو ها مثل تو هست

@@ابوالفضلمازنی English please

People in any part of Iran speak their own local language, but the official language is farsi If you know farsi you will be able to communicate with all iranian

Most people now, even minorities speak Persian as a first language from my experience traveling.

and i die for you💕💕

Respect for Iranian people. They are very very nice ppl. Hey Bosanac you are not blood related to iranians , you are illyrians-Albanians .

Albundy christ he didn’t say blood brother. He said brother out of respect. By the way I’m Iranian doodool tala😁

@@larskagg4629in English the definition of word brother is when u are related to someone including first cousins. But in slang ppl use it a lot for everyone.

@Rui Simões yes fake muslims . I hope Albanians all turn to their Christian roots.

@@albundybudbundy3714 christian religion is Bullshit

The material I’ve read have the Hazara migrating much later than 1700 years ago. Are there any online sources you can recommend?

@@_robustus_ hazaras have always migrated to iran ( shia shrines but they didn't stay there ) After 1890 a lot of hazaras escaped to iran (mashhad- golshhar district) During Shah's time they were called barbaris but later the hazaras there sent a delegation to the Shah and changed the name to khavari "هزاره های خاوری" These hazaras are Iranian hazaras who also have iranian citizenship The second big migration of hazaras fled to iran cause of war -》 they are not iranian citizens

Mahdi Mohammadi Do you know if public education ever touches on pre-aryan history or does one have to go to university for that?

Hanooz Boro Khodaro shokr kon ke Man shah iran Nistam

But Hazara they are not Iranian Citizens they are Afghans Refugees

Bostoncopter Actually Armenians are such a nice people they have contributed so much to Iran they are of our nicest compatriots Despite of difference in language and being an ancient nation, it’s not possible to distinct them from Iranians and it’s very interesting Our much beloved brothers and sisters

Bostoncopter Much love right back to you! Iranians and Armenians will be brothers and sisters for eternity! In fact, I don’t think there are really any other ethnic groups who have a closer friendship to Iranians than the Armenians do and vice versa. I grew up with many Armenian friends from Iran who are very proud to be Armenian, but also very proud to be from Iran. Much love and respect ❤️

I grow up next to Armenian people you guys always make me feel like I’m home

@@aybala4127 grey pig

@@aybala4127 ancestors of turks is turko persan the selciuks ay fink is not wrong indeed even mongols adopted persanic cultures or mongols is pur bloods hittites fathers of scitians saka indo turcic mongolics iranians uygur our tribes of roma frim east europe and balkans ok broo

Zende bad Irania va Parsha.

You probably meant to say They are all equal in your eye and you love them all equally! In English "They all look the same" has different meaning and a bit offensive, sometimes even racist!

yes we r the same looking because we r one nation and related toghether . we r Iranian ( persian in english )

@@jeffsamiei I know that's why I said that If you think about it a little bit harder it's an answer to this racist video bc this video is bullshit some ppl they try to separate us by color and religion

@@cyrusthefather7133 How is this racist? Showing a group of people with different color and identity is beautiful, and very important for any minorities in any country. They get a chance to say we also exist. Sure some of the people in this video have more similarities than differences, but persians aren't capable of bringing the Iranian people together, you are more supportive of turks or shia arabs. Which again is one of the reason for why the iranic people are in decline.

Love Bolivia from Iran

Love and respect to Afghanistan from Iran✌💓 زنده باشی عزیز همزبان

@inferno we are afghans and not afghanis ❤

@@fereshteha.7293 yes right, sorry 🙏🏻 love from Iran 🇮🇷 💕🇦🇫

ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-CcwlKYWf1Qo.html

@@JuJu-DnC22 Thank you!

​@@hrk8670quau e a o nome da música mesmo??

We love Taleshi people ...we have same blood..Unfortuniatly we seperated during world war 1

Salam bro . god bless you

Salam kaka.

There is a Talesh in Iran too which I'm from

@@aminkhosravi4594 you say salam and god Wtf?

Love and respect to Nepal from Iran✌💓

Machikne bahun

Khoda bet Bebakhshe , Halesho bebar ba in gerooni

@@_Pars__ چه ربطی به گرونی و مشکلات سیاسی داره آخه چرا همه چیز و قاطی میکنید واااا منم افتخار میکنم به داشتن چنین هموطن هایی

@@_Pars__ چرا قیمه ها رو میریزی تو ماستا؟!

@inferno afghans not Afghani 🇮🇷💕🇦🇫🙏🏻

Love and respect to Tajikistan from Iran✌💓 زنده باشی برادر همزبان تاجیک

Пурсида. мешавад , кй баро. чй. точ,иконро ном. набурдаанд ? Ман. тотх,ои. ч,ануби. Озарбойч,они. Эронро., кй. туркони. Анатолйю туркони. остони Озарбойчони Эрон. онх,оро. « точ,ик » меноманд ,дар. назар. надорам . Йо. дарйзабонони. Сарзамини. Пах,ларо ( вилоятх,ои. гарбйи. Эрон , бо. шах,рх,ои. марказйи. Шерозу Х,амадону. Исфах,он ) , кй. дар. хонах,ошон. ба. забони. « дарй »( точ,икй ) гап мезананду туркони. мах,аллй « точ,ик »-ашон. меноманду. забонашонро. « точ,икй »( яъне. « дарй ») мегуянд , низ. дар. дар назар. надорам . Х,адафу. манзури ман. точ,икони остони. Хуросону. вилоятх,ои. х,амч,авори он. дар. шах,рх,ои. Нишопуру Сабзавор. ва. Зинч,ону. Гургон ва. х,амсони. онх,о. дар. шимолу. шарк, ва. шарк,и Эрон. . х,аст ! Мувофик,и. маълумотх,ои. ЭСТ-и Точ,икистон. ва. БСЭ-и. Шуравй вак,те , кй. ах,олйи. Эрон. 43 миллион. буд , ( солх,ои. аввали 60-ум. ) ба. таври. расмй. дар. ин. кишвар. 8,5 миллион. точ,ик ба. к,айд гирифта. шуда. буд ! Дар.60 соли. охир. шумораи. ах,олйи. Эрон. ду. баробар. зийод. гашту. ба. 85. миллион расид.. Пас. шумораи. точ,икон. мутаносибан , бояд. ба. 18 - 19 миллион. мерасид ! .Наход , кй. мо. точ,икон. баробари. мозандарйен (,кй. на. зиедтар. 4,5млн.-6,0 млн. х,астанд ) йо х,атто. х,амон. озарбойч,онйени. туркгаштае , кй. бо. тотх,ову. толышх,ои. туркгашта. ва. курду. озарйх,ои( собик, форсйзабон) бо. туркон. ассимиляциягашта , кй якч,оя. х,амаашонро. « озарбойч,онй »меноманд ( шумораашонро. аз. 6,5 млн. то. 11 млн. х,исоб. мекунанд ) к,адру. манзалат. надошта. бошем ! Набояд. фаромуш. кард , кй точ,икон. буньедгузори. забони. форсйи. кунунй х,астанд - мах,з. сулолах,ои. точ,икнажоди. хуросонйи. Сафорйену. Тох,ирйен. ва. билхосса. , Сомонйени. балхй дар. эх,ьйову. зиндагардонй. ва. ахиран буньеду. пойагузорйии. забони. форсй. ва. мак,оми. давлатй. гирифтани. он ; ва. тарак,иети. забони. форсйи. навин ,( кй. он. аслан. форсйи дарй. ном. дораду. аз. омезииши. «зувони порсйи » парфянйи Хуросону « забони. дарйи.» Тахористону .Бохтар. пайдо. шудааст ), сах,ми. х,алкунанда ва. так,дирсозро бозидаанд !. Ин. Абуалйи. Сино-и бузург. буд , кй аввалин. сарвазири. давлати. навбуньеди. Алоуддавлаи Кокавайх, ( Душманзийор ) гашт - бунедгузори. х,ам. номи. Ирон. (,кй. он. вак,т. Ирок,айн ном. дошт , ) ва. х,ам. асосгузорони. аваллин. давлати. ироннажодон. дар. сарзамини. Пах,ла ( Ирони. гарбйи. кунунй ) буданд . Агар. бувайх,иени. дайламйро. ба. назар. нагирем , кй. онх,о. дар. тарак,иету. пешравйи. забони. форсй. ягон. сах,ме. нагузоштаанд ( ! ) агарчанде , кй хилофати. аббосйро. гасб. карда. буданду. аз. соли. 915. то. соли. 1256 ( истилои. мугулон ) тамоми. халифах,ои. аббосй дастнишондодх,ою. гумоштах,ои. онх,о. буданд ! Ин. точ,икон. буданд , кй. ба. Эрон. х,ам ном. доданду ( номи. Эрони. бостонйи. кишварашон ; . Ирони. Сафавйх,ои. туркйзабон. на. аз номи. Аррон-и он. суйи дарьеи. Кура ( кй х,озир. Озарбойч,он ном дорад ,) гирифта. шуда. аст ) , х,ам. сох,ибзабонаш. карданд ! Набошад , монанди. сортх,ою. тотх,о ( озарбойч,онй )-и. туркгашта забонгумкардаю. беватан ( бедавлат ) мемонданд !!! .

@@МирАли-х7р ба андешаи ман дар Эрон тоҷиконро низ форс мешуморанд, мумкин аз ҳамин далел бошад

@@درویش-ف6صyes and half Azerbaijan it’s Persian ❤🇦🇿🇮🇷🇦🇫🇹🇯❤

Being United to make a big nation not u get smarter than your state bro...the great iran ... people never discriminate each other.. it is the authorization and government fault

@@modirafael9087 well we don't want persianization

@@yourwifesfirsthusband2038 let see wa gonna happen in the future .. we have to highlight and determine the border again with anyone who thinks like u.. when hearts beat separate of each other there is no point to stubborn to be close together bro ... but it needs the referendum.. it is very tough for u segregationist ..

Come let's go .. I'll show you places you've never imagined

Actually where are you from? I am Iranian and I can help you to have best trip to Iran ever my friend. Please trust me ✌💓

درود به همه ی ایرانیها

سلام هم وطن .

Dorood

Ballacks

@@lackyluciano9766 who are balacks?

Love and respect to Uzbekistan from Iran✌💓

Ты скорее всего таджик (таджичка) который живет в Узбекистане. Поэтому так пишешь?

@@user-gl6es7si6lno bro we have Persian Uzbek in south of Uzbek bro

In Latin America we have a lot ASSYRIANS. Are the Assyrians part of the same culture of you guys ...?

@@xavierlehnhoff1562 Assyrians are the ancient people who lived in North Mesopotamia which is today Iraq. Their home land was a triangle of three cities, Nineve which is today Mosel, Ashur which is south on way to Baghdad ,and Erbil which is today predominantly kurdish. They built great Empires specially in first half of first melinia BC although their history stretch back to 2000 BC as they were Amorites like the Babilonians of south Iraq who are thought to be nomads who came from Arabia and settled in the fertile crescent. They are therefore semetic people. When islam arrived in Iraq majority of local iraqies converted to islam and arabic language. Those who did not retained their christian faith and as well their old language. Therefore, today Assyrians almost equal being christian. They stretch between north Iraq and north east Syria and possibly west Iran. They could have existed in east Turkey as well. Sadly under demographic pressure from other ethnicities and with some turmoil in region at different stages many of them opted to migrate specially to America and Scandinavia.

we love u too . i wish best for syrian people

@@ashraftarabishi831 thank you very much for your help, you provided me excellent history of the Assyrians. I appreciate very much your great info. Thanks a lot .🌾 In Latin America there are a lot people whose background is Assyrian, in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, México and Guatemala. We in Latin America we have a lot Assyrians too. And it's great to hear a lot great info about The Ancient People from the Middle East. I always loved all About Iraq Iran Syria. It's Amazing 😍 topic for me. I am not not Assyrian or Iranian. But I feel inside of me that maybe I was there (in the middle East) in my previous life. I don't know how to explain that I feel so close to the middle East. My blood is Iberian and Italian. But in some way I feel my spirit in IRAQ OR IRAN, SOMEWHERE FROM THERE. I love so much ❤️ 💕 All the culture from Iraq Iran Siria Kurdish etc... I think I was there in my previous life. Because... Why I feel so close to those regions 😪

@@ashraftarabishi831 Sorry dear, but I want to ask you something, because I see you know a lot about History. I don't know if you know that maybe, in some way the Iberians had any connections with Assyria and Iran (Persia) .... Sorry for asking that. But we the Latins (Iberians and Etruscan Origen) we feel you, the Assyrians Iranians and Kurdish etc. as our siblings. I don't know but I feel these cultures so close to the Latins. Not including the Arabs. I am talking about ANCIENT CULTURES that maybe Iberia and EtrusKa were connected to Iran or Assyria because, as me, many Latins feel so close to Iran Iraq Assyria and Siria etc. Why we feel so close to them?😣😪☺️😲

Hello to another Iranic nation🙌🏻💖

Yasu

They live in the south coastal provinces as Hormozagan, Sistan and Baluchestan and Khuzestan.

😘

well im one of them

oh you are a rarity ,so how does it feel to be a minority in your own homeland ?

Wow an actual Persian who has kept her origin. واقعا خوشحالم کردی کسایی مثل ما کم هستن

آذربایجانو یادت رفت بذاری

الان تو مه افغانی هستی با تاجیک خودت و آریایی حساب میکنی ؟ پشمک ؟ چنگیز اومد رید تو ژنتیکت

@@رضاگلمحمدی-ه2ذ❤🇦🇿🇮🇷🇹🇯🇦🇫 ❤yes they are brothers we have many Azerbaijan people in iran because it’s Azri Persian

عرب كرد تركمان اشوريين آرمن

Don't forget lurs

@@dreamlandish lurs?

@@Arabian010 yes there are a miniority of faili lurs in cities like Khanqein

purchase purchase Hahahaha trueee

@purchase purchase what a disgusting racist thing shame on you. As much I admire iranian history and culture I hate their disgusting racist mentality. Shame on you

🌹🌹🌹 😘 ASHEGHETAM ZENDE BASHI

Partizan Partizan Hello tat brother. Are tat people good in there?

TRĂIASCĂ 🇮🇷 PERSIA 👍🐎🔥 🇹🇩. ROMÂNIA 💕🕊️💌 💙💛❤️

Saghol gardash😍

@@shabgardtanha9255 sən də sağol. But in our Tati language we say "soğ boshi bror"

درود بر شما ما هم جمهوری اسلامی را دوست نداریم برادر

Thanks bro 👌 ❤️

haroon omar afgan and Iran are same people.

All aryan origin from india. Aryan read sanskirt . Aryan means noble men in Sanskrit language.

@@humanitymission9661 wrong

@@humanitymission9661 North Indian Is Aryan

It's our Old religion before islam ( Baloch ,persian & Kurd's ) they have this religion since King Cyrus time

Zoroastrianism didn't begin in Persia but in Bactria (Eastern Afghanistan-Western Pakistan) and Zoroaster was born in Bactria.

@@GeorgiaIsOnMyMind Nevertheless it's IRANIAN 😊

@@GeorgiaIsOnMyMind THERE WAS NEVER THIS NAME AFGANISTAN OR PAKISTAN ONLY FARSY PERSIAN IRANIANS SPEAKERS LIKE BACTRYA IS TAJIKISTAN ZORROASTRISM IS OLDER FROM TIME OF ANNUNAKY FROM IRAN AND BABYLON

About 3000 years ago.

Thanks Greek bro but as an Iranian I must say they choose worst pictures and many of them were really old.

Kostas Stephanopolis diffrrent religions , are you sure about that?

Northern indians are aryan ...... The vedic culture was the aryan culture.

@@jatgladiator1235 culturally yes but genetically no

@@darkavenger8827 yes.

North India Has 48-70% Aryan Dna,30-52% Iranian Farmer Dna.

@@jonclarkson5911 no

There were some cute girls up in this video. 😅😯

@@petrolo72 I bet they are better looking then the average American !

@@guleet75 We have such vast diversity here in the states. I live in west Los Angeles, so we have more “models/actress“, it’s some of the cream of the crop from the entire world who have come here. But I’ve been all over the south and Midwest of the USA, there are a lot of fat people. And honestly, outside beauty is only a small small percentage of what makes the person. So many of the good looking girls we have here in California are so progressively liberal and have a toxic world view that you wouldn’t be able to spend time with them to have any dialogue that is profound.

@@guleet75 nothing wins brown eyed people they are the most beautiful.

Do you know about the background songs. Specially the last one. From pakistan

I am Tajik from Russia

@@user-zt5no2jg7j from where of Uzbekistan?

I am not Tajik

Love from India.

Kenya

Portuguese people were living in South of Iran. The Africans were their slaves. Iranians kicked Portugueses out but they found Africans innocent so they let them decide stay or leave. Since Iranians were very kind to them they decided to stay. Not as slaves but as citizens. Slavery is bad thing in our culture.

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Iranians

The ones I know are originally from Zanzibar.

Thanks! we love ALL africans. My Afro-Iranian fellows are originally from Zanzibar, an island in Tanzania. They are so kind and peaceful people.

God showed them lots of love .

Where did persia came in when his origin started in punjab? lmfao

Love Afghanistan from Iran✌❤

ما همه ایرانی هستیم

@@abasabasi8506 باز وش سنگت

😂😂😂

But I don't tell u to shut up but to stop typing

Reza I love you my Bro...I am lur

Zoroastrianism is a religion not an ethnic bro

Pashtun are not In Iran you stupid Pashtun are in Pakistan and Afghanistan

Sajjad Rahimmi how rude you r

@@slavops9599 what is your Problem..? I'm Baloch from Iran and I know about all Iranian Ethnic and we have not Paahtun in our Country

Sajjad Rahimmi now i got why do those nations around you attack you 🙄

@@slavops9599 😂 Never kann Attacke no Baloch because Baloch is a Brave and Stronger nation on World you know about Abdul Malik Rigi He shook the whole or Iran

if ur a woman its obvious that ur going to find mdn more attractive

They are racist

@@דניאלל-ח5ד are they really??

@@SM-ye5xt Yes. You do find some good ones, but majority have an selfish superiority complex.

@@דניאלל-ח5ד who are they racist against?