Etzanoa: the Lost City 

In 1541 Cortez, so I read, was mislead away from indigenous people in New Mexico (I think called "New Spain" at the time by the conquistadors) area by a guy who was nic-named "El Turko" or similar name as he wore a turbin. From what I read they thought El Turko was from an earlier expedition that landed from the Gulf and Texas area and forgot the name of the military leader who led that Spanish expedition. El Turko misled Cortez and some of his soldiers into central Kansas hoping with the tall grasses he could make a run for it and leave them lost in the great sea of grass, only Cortez kept marking their path with markers. El Turko risked his life and Cortez had him executed for misleading them. Cortez was funded by Spain (King Phillip) and chosen to find the Lost Cities of Gold or Cibola. He like Onate was evil too and burned alive all the Zuni men of a village on a butte west of the city of today, Alubuquerque. This is a great find and amazing how there is a written record. It also, just my amateur view, partially indicates how many indigenous people populated the region which helps in trying to understand how many natives lost their lives violently and by disease with the conquest from the Old World and by the movement west by the pioneers and Cavalry. That one fellow called the natives relocated by the Trail of Tears to Oklahoma and the oil later discovered there as the "richest people in the world" which they made a lot of money... yet he failed to mention all the graft, violence, and death, and men who tried to marry into the Osage nation, (read "The Underground Reservation: Osage Oil" by Terry P. Wilson) and then came Frank Phillips with Standard Oil, Skelly oil, Conoco oil... and other investors profited immensely by far beyond what the Osage should have received. Thanks for presenting such an amazing and important project! It seems a miracle it was never bulldozed.

Wherever two rivers meet is where traders traded. Salt Fork River and The Arkansas River in Payne County check it out. When the river is really low.

This comment is not a criticism, just a comment. There is no Native American presence during this presentation. I just came from an archaeology symposium in Wyoming where there was no Native American archaeologist presenting. Archaeology is not a controversial science in itself and archaeologists do work for the benefit of humanity. It used to be (a few decades ago) when you would watch an African nature documentary, the game wardens were white guys with that slight variance in their voices that was a South or East African “British” class-revealing accent. Those days are over, now the wardens are native born Africans. There doesn’t seem to be the right approach to bringing Native Americans into archaeology if at this time, Native American archaeologist are not becoming ubiquitous. If handling of remains is still an issue keeping archaeology from being a passion for Native Americans in general, it suggests a civil rights issue of some sort that remains unresolved. Reservation poverty, widely reported, has ramifications beyond simple economics. I am hoping that Cahokia arrives at Yellowstone or Grand Canyon tourism status, we are at a turning point in popularizing the knowledge of the reality of pre colonial America.

I have often wondered. There was frier that came north around 1549. Said he saw for himself there was "transportable wealth" to the north. From what i have read many of Coronandos men thought he lied. I do believe their indian guide lead them onto the plains away from the gold for a reason. I felt there was wealth around Quivera and questioned what. Bison was what i thought it was. This seems to solidify that. The precolonial Americans seemed more connected than we understood?

12:36 No ma'am. Not true. Chaco canyon, the Pueblo peoples, Paquime, the Aztec, the Inca and many North American nations practiced agriculture and were settled. These few early contacts was all it took to almost completely wipe out life as they new it, just from disease. By the time the English arrive, they had dispersed and resettled, with some becoming semi-nomadic again. Etzanoa wasn't the only or the first in modern day United States. Archaeological evidence suggests that Native Americans first grew corn in the Southwestern United States around 4,000 years ago, and in the Northeastern United States about 2,100 years ago. The earliest Native Americans to cultivate corn were the Pueblo people of the American southwest, whose culture was transformed by the arrival of corn in 1,200 B.C. By A.D. 1,000, corn was a staple crop that sustained tribes like the Creek, Cherokee and Iroquois.

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