Carbon Source
A carbon source is required for all biosynthesis leading to reproduction, product formation and cell maintenance. In most fermentations it also serves as the energy source.
Carbon requirements may be determined from the biomass yield coefficient (Y), an index of the efficiency of conversion of a substrate into cellular material.
For commercial fermentations the determination of yield coefficients for all other nutrients is usually essential. Each may be determined by conducting a series of batch culture experiments where the specific substrate is the only growth-limiting media component and all other nutrients are in excess.
By varying the initial concentration of the growth-limiting substrate and then plotting total growth against substrate concentration for each batch, the growth yield (Y) can be estimated.
However, the value obtained relates to a specific set of operating conditions; varying pH, temperature, etc., can alter the yield coefficient.
Various organisms may exhibit different yield coefficients for the same substrate , due primarily to the pathway by which the compound is metabolized.
Differences can also be seen within an individual. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on glucose has biomass yield coefficients of 0.56 and 0.12 g/g under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively.
MOLASSES
Pure glucose and sucrose are rarely used for industrial scale fermentations, primarily due to cost.
Molasses, a byproduct of cane and beet sugar production, is a cheaper and more usual source of sucrose.
This material is the residue remaining after most of the sucrose has been crystallized from the plant extract.
It is a dark coloured viscous syrup containing 50-60% (w/v) carbohydrates, primarily sucrose, with 2% (w/v) nitrogenous substances, along with some vitamins and minerals.
Overall composition varies depending upon the plant source, the location of the crop, the climatic conditions under which it was grown and the factory where it was processed.
The carbohydrate concentration may be reduced during storage by contaminating microorganisms.
Other examples of carbon source
Malt extract
Starch and dextrin
Sulphite waste liqour
Cellulose
Whey
Alkanes and alcohols
Fats and oils
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1 мар 2022
