Geert Hofstede on Masculinity versus Femininity 

"Masculine and feminine are not the same as male and female. They are the Latinized words that are used for men-like and women-like. So, for example, a man can be called feminine, and a woman can be called masculine. In anthropology since about the 1930s, there have been studies of the variety of role divisions between the genders in different societies, and a very important role has been played by the young female American anthropologist Margaret Mead. It's interesting that from the sixth dimension, this is the only one where it matters whether the information comes from women or from men. In the other dimensions, whether you collect your data from women or from men, you get the same position of the dimensions. The definition: Masculinity is a society in which emotional gender roles are distinct. I'm not talking about social gender roles because they have a lot to do with the wealth of the country, but I'm talking about the emotional role - what you should feel being born as a boy or being born as a girl. The boy should be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, and the woman should be focused on the quality of life. I call a society feminine if this role separation is not there or it is weaker, at least so that especially men are also supposed at times to be modest, tender, and focused on the quality of life. Now I'm opposing feminine societies to masculine societies; most societies are somewhere in between. In feminine societies, people try to balance family and work. In masculine societies, work clearly prevails over the family, and work is an acceptable excuse to neglect the family. Family is, of course, not an acceptable excuse to neglect your work. Within the family, in a masculine society, father should deal with facts, and mother should deal with feelings. And if the children are hurt, they should go to mama. In the family societies, both father and mother should deal with facts and feelings, so you may go to mama for facts, and you may go to Papa if you're hurt. Masculine societies admire the strong; feminine societies are jealous of high-flyers. And especially in the Nordic countries - Denmark, Sweden, Norway - they have a word for this, 'Janteloven.' It means the law of Jante, and Jante is the name of a little town from a novel that describes how the people in the little town were so jealous of somebody who came in, who was the author of the novel. In masculine societies, people disdain the weak; in feminine societies, they have sympathy for the weak. In masculine societies, girls cry, but boys should not cry; boys fight, but girls should not fight. In feminine societies, both boys and girls may cry, but neither should fight. In religion, you have different flavors of religions. In the masculine society, it focuses on God the Father, the powerful God. And in feminine societies, religion focuses on the fellow human being. And finally, obviously, it's also related to sexual relationships. You could say that in the feminine society, sex is a way for a couple to relate; in masculine societies, sex is a way of performing, and often so that man is a subject, and a woman is the object. Now, how do we measure the position of masculinity-femininity? All dimensions for our society can only be measured relative to other societies, and we measure it in a masculinity index (MAS), and the scale goes from 0 for the most feminine society to 100 for the most masculine society. I have here a list of some 14 countries selected from the 76 for which we have scores, and you see that the country with the highest masculinity score is Japan, and also high on the masculinity side, we found Italy, Mexico, China, Britain, Germany, and the USA. And on the other side, we find the Arab countries. Just on that borderline, we find France, we find Russia, we find Thailand, Costa Rica, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Now, which shows that there is no relationship at all between the wealth of a country and masculinity or femininity. There are poor and wealthy masculine countries and poor and wealthy feminine countries. Now, what can we do with those MAS scores? Well, again, we can correlate them with hard facts in society. For example, a few things that correlate significantly with masculinity-femininity: first of all, the percentage of people who are functionally illiterate, which means that they cannot read or write. In masculine societies, there are more functionally illiterate than in feminine societies, but also in masculine societies, there are more people living below the poverty level than in feminine societies. For aid to poor countries, feminine societies spend a higher percentage of their budget on aid to poor countries. There have been surveys to see what people blame poverty on, and in masculine societies, there is a popular opinion that poverty is blamed on laziness - it means that if people are poor, it's because they are lazy or selfish, too lazy to work. Whereas in feminine societies, poverty tends to be blamed on simply bad luck. In marketing, there is a difference; clearly, food shoppers are women. So advertising, for example, for food, is done to a women public. In feminine societies, both men and women shop for food. And finally, something about the relationship between the employer and the employee when they are negotiating upon the conditions. In masculine societies, salary is clearly more important than leisure; in feminine societies, leisure is at least as important as salaries. And in fact, feminine societies tend to have longer vacations than masculine societies. And one last point: in social media, it has been proven that in masculine societies, people use social media for fact gathering, and in feminine societies, they use it more for rapport building, for developing relationships with other users. Do masculinity scores change over time? They are transferred to the children in the family, with obviously father and mother as role models. And like for the other dimensions, the country differences tend to be rooted in history. I have an interesting example from the 16th century, where some author compared, at that time, two maritime powers: Britain and Holland. And compared them to a couple where Britain was the man, and Holland was the woman. This is still the position - Britain is a masculine country, and the Netherlands are a feminine country. The database that we used for comparing the generations on power distance and individualism-collectivism, unfortunately, does not allow us to compare the masculinity-femininity dimension because it is the World Values Survey, an American survey, and it does not contain, in its questionnaire, values related to the feminine pole of the dimension. And if you have only one pole, you cannot measure a dimension. In the USA, the word 'femininity' is a taboo. The USA is, of course, a very masculine country, and what is a taboo is an expression of a very strong value, and a value so strong that the word should even not be used. So my conclusion is that, for lack of other evidence, I consider masculinity and femininity at a societal level as stable as the other dimensions."

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For the MOOC, here is the complete transcription : Masculine and feminine are not the same, as male and female. They are the latinized words used for men-like and women-like. For example, a man can be called feminine, and a woman can be called masculine. In anthropology, since about the 1930s, there have been studies on the variety of role divisions between genders in different societies. A very important role has been played by the young female American anthropologist, Margaret Mead. It's interesting that from the sixth dimension, this is the only one where it matters whether the information comes from women or from men. In other dimensions, whether you collect your data from women or from men, you get the same position of the dimensions. The definition of masculinity is a society in which emotional gender roles are distinct. This is not about social gender roles, as they have a lot to do with the wealth of the country, but about emotional roles - what you should feel being born as a boy or being born as a girl. Boys should be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, while girls should be focused on the quality of life. A society is considered feminine if this role separation is weaker, so that especially men are also supposed at times to be modest, tender, and focused on the quality of life. Masculine societies tend to have work clearly prevailing over the family, and work is an acceptable excuse to neglect the family. In contrast, family is not an acceptable excuse to neglect work. In masculine societies, fathers deal with facts, and mothers deal with feelings. However, in family societies, both father and mother deal with facts and feelings. In religion, masculine societies focus on God the Father, the powerful God, while feminine societies focus on fellow human beings. Sexuality also differs between masculine and feminine societies. In feminine societies, sex is a way for a couple to relate, while in masculine societies, it's often a way of performing, with the man as the subject and the woman as the object. Masculinity and femininity can only be measured relative to other societies, and they're measured on a masculinity index scale from zero for the most feminine society to a hundred for the most masculine society. There's no direct relationship between the wealth of a country and its masculinity or femininity. Both poor and wealthy countries can exhibit either masculine or feminine traits. Several societal factors correlate with masculinity/femininity scores, such as functional illiteracy rates, poverty levels, spending on poor countries, attitudes towards poverty, marketing approaches, negotiation priorities, vacation lengths, and social media usage. Masculinity/femininity scores are transferred to the next generation within families, with parents serving as role models. Historical roots often influence a country's position on the masculinity/femininity scale. For instance, Britain is considered a masculine country while the Netherlands is considered feminine. The lack of comprehensive evidence makes it challenging to study masculinity and femininity at a societal level. In the USA, discussing femininity is considered taboo, reflecting the strong societal value attached to masculinity. As such, masculinity and femininity are viewed as stable dimensions at the societal level, akin to other dimensions.

a transcript would be helpful

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Feminine societies sound fantastic.

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Is the "crisis of masculinity" discourse related to this topic? If related and the process is actually happening, does it mean that societies are changing? Also, does this dimention related to sex hormones in any way?

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