“It is estimated that nearly 2% of live births are born with congenital conditions of atypical sex development.”
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. "The Five Sexes, Revisited." The Sciences, July-August 2000, pp. 18-23.
That’s around 130 million people
DSD: Differences in Sexual Development.
X chromosome: Essential for Life: The X chromosome contains genes essential for normal development and function. Both males (XY) and females (XX) have at least one X chromosome. Males inherit their single X chromosome from their mother, while females inherit one X chromosome from each parent.
Y chromosome: The Y chromosome carries the SRY gene (Sex-determining Region Y), which triggers the development of male characteristics. The presence of the Y chromosome typically determines male sex. The Y chromosome is passed from father to son, making it a key marker for paternal lineage.
Hormones: Sexual development in humans is influenced by a variety of hormones, which play crucial roles at different stages of development, from fetal life through puberty and into adulthood. Atypical hormone levels can cause DSD.
Gonads: Gonads are the primary reproductive organs that produce gametes (sperm in males, eggs in females) and sex hormones (such as testosterone in males, estrogen, and progesterone in females).
Genitals: encompass the external and internal structures involved in sexual activity and reproduction
individuals with Triple X syndrome (trisomy X) can experience puberty, menstruation, and have the potential to conceive and give birth, just like individuals with typical XX chromosomes.
Most individuals with XYY syndrome do not have distinct physical features or developmental differences compared to typical XY males. They often appear completely typical and may not even be aware of their extra Y chromosome unless it is discovered through genetic testing for other reasons.
Most individuals with turner syndrome do not have distinct physical features or developmental differences compared to typical XX females. Individuals with Turner syndrome may exhibit a range of physical features, which can include short stature, webbed neck, low hairline at the back of the neck, broad chest, swelling of the hands and feet, and skeletal abnormalities. However, not all individuals with Turner syndrome will have all of these features, and the severity can vary widely.
Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome may exhibit a range of physical features, although not all individuals will have the same characteristics. Common physical traits can include tall stature, long legs, reduced muscle mass and strength, gynecomastia (enlarged breast tissue), sparse facial and body hair, small testes, and a slightly increased risk of certain health conditions such as osteoporosis.
Mosaicism, by its nature, involves the presence of cells with different genetic makeup within the same individual. While it's theoretically possible for an individual with mosaicism to have a mix of male and female reproductive organs or characteristics, There are no documented cases in historical or medical literature of an individual with mosaicism simultaneously possessing both a functioning penis producing fertile sperm and a fertile uterus capable of sustaining a pregnancy. Throughout recorded history, human biology and genetics have been studied and documented extensively, but such a rare and complex combination of reproductive anatomy and function has not been reported.
While chimerism can lead to a mosaic pattern of genetic composition within the same individual, the reproductive organs typically exhibit characteristics that align with one sex or the other. For example:
A chimera with predominantly XX chromosomes (typically found in females) may have female reproductive anatomy, such as ovaries and a uterus.
A chimera with predominantly XY chromosomes (typically found in males) may have male reproductive anatomy, such as testes and a penis.
Overall, while chimerism can result in complexities in reproductive development, individuals are generally classified as reproductively male or female based on the predominant genetic and anatomical characteristics.
SRY - male gene, can show up on an XX individual, they can develop testicles instead of ovaries.
WNT4 - promotes ovary development. Multiple copies can produce incomplete ovary gonads in XY individuals.
Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - immune to male sex hormones, Have testicles and XY chromosomes but exterior genitals appear female or inbetween.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Underproduce cortisol and overproduce Androgens resulting in internal female gonads.
1 июн 2024
