In the ancient and medieval worlds men fought for booty and in doing so aligned their personal motivation with that of the monarch or the state they served -- given that the latter's aim was conquest. After 1789 the motivations of citizen soldiers were seen as political and patriotic, and, however much the strains of combat called personal patriotism into question, the latter legitimated the military profession. Since 1945 patriotism has gone out of fashion. American studies of combat motivation have stressed factors internal to the military, such as small group loyalties: the arguments have become circular and inwardly focused -- professional soldiers fight well because they are professional soldiers. This logic creates a division between the motivation to fight and the political legitimacy of fighting which is potentially unsustainable over the long term, at least in western democracies.
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28 сен 2024