Hormones : Introduction, Classification of Hormones and its Mechanism of action - USMLE Step 1 

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Hormones : Introduction, Classification of Hormones and its Mechanism of action - USMLE Step 1
Hormones are signaling molecules that are secreted by glands in the endocrine system to regulate physiological and behavioral processes in the body. They can be classified into several types based on their chemical structure, function, and site of production. Here are some of the main types of hormones and their mechanisms of action:
Peptide hormones: These hormones are composed of short chains of amino acids and include hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone. They bind to receptors on the surface of target cells, which activates a signaling cascade that results in the desired response.
Steroid hormones: These hormones are derived from cholesterol and include hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol. They are lipid-soluble and can cross the cell membrane to bind to receptors inside the cell. The hormone-receptor complex then binds to DNA to initiate gene transcription and protein synthesis.
Amino acid-derived hormones: These hormones are derived from amino acids and include hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones. They bind to receptors on the surface of target cells, which activates a signaling cascade that results in the desired response.
Neurohormones: These hormones are produced by neurons and include hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin. They are released into the bloodstream and act on distant target cells. They can bind to receptors on the surface of target cells or cross the blood-brain barrier to act on receptors in the brain.
Overall, the mechanism of action of hormones varies depending on the type of hormone and its target cells. Hormones can act on a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes, including growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response.
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