The urbanization process brings with it the modification of soil infiltration conditions through waterproofing, resulting from the use and occupation of the soil by buildings, roads, squares, streets, etc. Thus, the infiltration area of rainwater decreases considerably, causing an increase in the volumes of surface runoff.
To minimize these volumes, drainage networks are traditionally built in some areas, aiming to direct the water to a discharge site - river, lake, stream or a sewage treatment plant. However, these have a maximum transport flow, which is based on local hydrological characteristics. In the event of high-magnitude precipitation, this flow can be overcome, causing the network to collapse and contributing to the occurrence of a flood.
The most common phenomena associated with floods are: i) flooding, rainwater temporarily accumulated on land with low slope, water that cannot flow because of the soil plain or deficiency of the drainage network, nor does it infiltrate due to saturation or waterproofing of the ground; ii) urban floods, extravasation of water from the main river bed to the riverine plain, which occurs due to floods; and iii) floods, rainwater runoff in regions with great declivity, with high destructive power due to its high energy and drag capacity, common on slopes, hills, etc.
Floods have environmental impacts, but also socioeconomic impacts and even human losses. Floods and inundations affect mobility in cities and urban infrastructure and increase the occurrence of waterborne diseases and the proliferation of vectors.
Floods can damage or destroy dwellings by carrying sediment and stones. It is noteworthy that regions where urbanization was not planned are more susceptible to the aforementioned phenomena, due to precarious structures and services.
Floods also generate environmental impacts such as contamination of sources for urban supply, deteriorating their quality. In some cases, there is a reduction in the water sources available for supply, contributing to the occurrence of water crises. In addition, they can cause silting of rivers and lakes - deposition of sediments in river beds or lake bottoms -, which increases the occurrence of urban floods.
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25 июл 2024
