My mums blind and has a guide dog, basically there are different types of dog suited for different people, older ladies who are slower and only go a few roots will get slower dogs that are trained for a few roots eg shops post office butchers and then the person will use a command eg ( find the butchers ) or just start walking in the general direction. And then more active blind people will get a quicker more adaptive dog that knows how to guide through new environments and is allot quicker. For example my mums dog is a quick adaptive German Shepard he’s good with busses trains escalators and all sorts and can adapt well in places like city’s
My parents used to train guide dogs, they have some amazing stories. One time my mum was walking a guide dog through the aisles of a supermarket, whilst wearing sunglasses, so you could easily mistake her for a blind person. She stopped next to some salted butter, paused and then walked with the dog to the unsalted butter, only to hear a woman shout "oh my God, Gerald, how good is that dog, he even knows which type of butter to get"
The Tourettes things, I heard one person who had it say, sometimes if you see a black person, or an Asian person, or anything where you say "I really hope I don't say a racial slur here" you can almost trigger it to happen just by thinking "I hope I don't say x word"
I actually have an answer for the racist tourettes question: No, it's not a crime, as the individual is classed as not having their full consciousness at the time the incident takes place. I know this because I work in motor insurance and if you have a tick, or even sneeze, and it leads to an accident, you're not liable for the claim and it's instead classed as an "act of God"