Without transposing: Carlson Koopa's synthesizer: E1-G7 Johnston Koopa's electric keyboard: C2-C8 Megan Koopa's Keytar: C3-C6 But with transposing, you can make the highest and the lowest note higher or lower until its limit without changing the key. Carlson Koopa's synthesizer: Down to -16 and up to +24 Johnston Koopa's electric keyboard: Down to -24 and up to +19 Megan Koopa's Keytar: Down to -36 and up to +36