How Kepler Actually Discovered his Laws

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References
On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy. (2003). Kiribati: Penguin.
Koestler, A. (2017). The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History...
www.keplersdiscovery.com/inde...
The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy. (1999). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Mazer, A. (2011). Shifting the Earth: The Mathematical Quest to Understand the Motion of the Universe. Germany: Wiley.
Voelkel, J. R. (2021). The Composition of Kepler's Astronomia Nova. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press.
stellarium.org/
Kepler, J. (2015). Astronomia Nova. United States: Green Lion Press.
Stephenson, B. (2012). Kepler’s Physical Astronomy. Switzerland: Springer New York.
Brahe, T., Dreyer, J. L. E. (1972). Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera omnia. Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
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7 май 2024

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Комментарии : 341

@WelchLabsVideo Месяц назад

@mikip3242 Месяц назад

Thank so much for this. I'm an astrophysicist and I can tell you that this kind of outreach is a must need. Very well done and very well explained. Kepler was an outstanding figure and getting to know the reasoning behind his archivement is beautiful.

@Alexagrigorieff Месяц назад

Would be nice to learn how Tycho Brahe is pronounced

@Alexagrigorieff Месяц назад

Also it's "died in vain", not "died in vein"

@Alexagrigorieff Месяц назад

It's "ancients" (anshients), not "ancshients"

@bjorntorlarsson Месяц назад

Why am I not allowed to leave any comments here? Having read Astronomia Nova, I've tried to say something about Kepler's pains with adjusting for the atmospheric refraction of stars' inclination. But none of my comments stick. I feel for unsubscribing. Do you btw copy your videos to Rumble that doesn't have random big government censorship of anything that might've "become politically sensitive" right now, who can guess what next, Kepler?

@enque01 Месяц назад

When you said "you'll have to wait until next episode for that" i was like "nooooooooo! I can't wait!"

@sa-rq2xj Месяц назад

Same! I literally said "Nooooo" out loud, even though I know the math, I have not heard this history in so much detail before. I can't wait for next time

@wjrasmussen666 Месяц назад

No, I won't watch.

@GlorifiedTruth Месяц назад

Same here!

@TheRmbomo Месяц назад

I was counting on hearing the word barycenter as soon as the 'equant' idea came up. I had a similar reaction when the episode ended.

@bjorntorlarsson Месяц назад

Kepler's Astronomia Nova is freely available as a PDF file online. In its one and only translation to English in 1939. 330 years after its original publication. I suppose because only by the 1930s enough Englishmen had become uneducated enough to no longer be able to read the original. It is quite readable even today. And Kepler uses some sense of humor in it as he describes his laborious process with its setbacks and sudden insights. It is written at the time of Shakespeare! People wrote in an accesible way back then.

@andersjjensen Месяц назад

Kepler's quote about his own work is right up there with Sir Issac Newtons famous "This theory takes for granted a force that works instantly across infinite distances. Only a madman would belive such a thing" criticism of his own model of gravity that stood for 200 years before Einstein expanded it.

@paradox9551 Месяц назад

All models are wrong, some are useful.

@punchster289 29 дней назад

@@SahilGhosh no hes right

@EvilDudeLOL 27 дней назад

@@paradox9551 I don't give a damn what anybody else thinks, you are absolutely correct. (I believe I heard a similar quote from a famous scientist)

@vikraal6974 26 дней назад

There are two more underrated quotes from Newton. In one quote he says if Gravity works on masses why can't gravity bend light? He was open to the view that light "a massless" entity could be affected by gravity.

@andersjjensen 26 дней назад

@@paradox9551 That is a fundamental axiom of the scientific method. You make observations, then you build a model, then you make predictions based on that model and go test them. The model that violates the least observations is accepted until something better comes along. Today we are at the point that most models are perfectly adequate for all engineering work, outside the scientific endeavour of building new scientific instruments to further advance physics. That makes most models either useful, very useful or completely indispensable to our everyday lives.

@Maxflay3r Месяц назад

So basically, Kepler performed a manual gradient descent to find the right parameters for his model, lol.

@WelchLabsVideo Месяц назад

Yeah basically!

@miepic3291 Месяц назад

1. ignores greek philosphers 2. ignores incorrect church based models 3. manually does gradient descent for his own model 4. still admits the model is wrong 5. steals his late boss' documents to remodel the entirety of astronomy 6. ends up being right Kepler is such a chad

@bjorntorlarsson Месяц назад

@@miepic3291 And he complained about Tycho Brahe having used an unsuitable coordinate system (or however it was) forcing Kepler to recalculate every obseravtion adjusting for the atmosphereic refraction, depending on the inclination of Mars and the stars the angle of which its position was measured to. Before even making the data "raw" for his purposes. He complained much about the endless calculations. But his moment of truth was when the same number turned up more than once. Turned out to be the difference between Mars perihelion and aphelion! As I remember reading him, it was the repeating number that got him intrigued, before he realized what it could mean. Writing down figures in tedious calculations day and night. Getting a bit funny in the head and imagining a pattern in the mess. And it turns out to be something real! Later someone wrote him asking him to do the same for Saturn: "- F_ H_ No!! Go F_ Yourself!" /K

@peterfireflylund Месяц назад

@@miepic3291he also wrote a science fiction story + his mother was accused of witchcraft.

@nuance9000 Месяц назад

@@miepic3291Copernicus has entered the chat 😂😢

@josepereira4372 Месяц назад

Johannes Kepler is my favorite machine learning algorithm.

@richardbloemenkamp8532 Месяц назад

Does ML include Steepest-Descent, Newton-Raphson and Fixed-Point-iteration too now? That makes ML is a pretty big umbrella-term. We used to call those iterative numerical methods as opposed to analytical methods in mathematics.

@quinius173 Месяц назад

@@richardbloemenkamp8532 Yes, machine learning has become a very broad term now.

@mostlyokay Месяц назад

@@richardbloemenkamp8532 I think he is referring to Kepler's brain

@razbender1379 Месяц назад

@@richardbloemenkamp8532 given that he lived before calculus, no

@shrayesraman5192 23 дня назад

@@richardbloemenkamp8532 I mean regression is considered a ml concept so sure this is done by a machine would probably qualify as it learns the weights

@Spark_Books 28 дней назад

Nobody has ever explained Kepler's discovery process in this much detail ever before. All textbooks and videos just gloss over it and skip to the final result. Thank you for this wonderful work :)

@timoooo7320 Месяц назад

I find it astonishing that Kepler came up with the laws of planetary motions BEFORE the invention/discovery of calculus 🙌🙌🙌

@yorickandeweg2134 28 дней назад

The fact that Kepler's model agreed so well with Brahe's measurements, but still ended up being wrong, goes to show that it is dangerous to fit a model with so many free parameters to so few data points!

@NlsRth 11 дней назад

How is Kepler's model wrong??

@frankmalenfant2828 29 дней назад

I named my cat Kepler. He thinks my life revolves around him.

@hillaryclinton1314 25 дней назад

So.. feliocentric? I will let myself out...

@Dhrumeel 25 дней назад

@@hillaryclinton1314 Bravo

@dcamron46 16 дней назад

Yea but Kepler didn’t think life revolves him…he was not a geocentrist…?

@frankmalenfant2828 14 дней назад

His theory postulates that attraction is equal to the quantity of food squared. He constantly lives in a quantum superposition of both fed and starving.

@Thepineapplemonk Месяц назад

This is so cool! The idea of doing all this by hand without any digital instrumentation or computation is incredible.

@05degrees Месяц назад

@@busimagen Well maybe not all the time in this case! It’s not that hard to figure out (moreso if it’s okay to figure it out to 90% and leave the rest for later) when you already have it and are a proficient mathematician. I hope. Also I hope in that situation the rule wouldn’t just fall from the skies but somebody could’ve been there and dropped a word or two. Or just logarithm tables which I think in our own history always came with instructions.

@wayando Месяц назад

Those guys were genuine geniuses ... And very patient too.

@meltdown6165 Месяц назад

Brahe had his own instrument makers at his Uraniborg observatory, I bet that idea would have catched on quickely and be distributed around the scholars of Europe in no time. Edit: just looked up the history of the slide rule, it was invented about 10 years before Keplers death.

@EloSportsTalk 22 дня назад

Kepler BRUTE FORCING his Mars calculations is kinda badass

@ShieldAre Месяц назад

Small mistake at 11:40: The years for Ibn al-Shatir should be AD, not BC. Excellent video, a very interesting explanation of the sort of measurements and reasoning that (I assume, discussed in the next video) ultimately led Kepler to arrive at the important missing conclusion from Copernicus' heliocentric model: The orbits of the planets are slightly elliptical, not perfectly circular. But I hadn't ever even heard about equant, and it surprises me, because of how close it gets to the idea of elliptical orbits.

@user-jw3jf3ob1e Месяц назад

The question is why Moon was neglected in favor of planets. Distance to the Moon can be measured accurately both in relative and absolute terms by triangulation and apparent angular size and it completes twenty times as many revolutions than Mars thus accumulating observation data much more rapidly

@keyofdoornarutorscat 16 дней назад

This is a good question. The main reason is that there is no “retrograde” motion of the Moon observed from the Earth (that was measurable with 1600s technology). This is in addition to the Moon’s low eccentricity which made it fit well with the idea of circular orbits (as opposed to non-circular ellipses)

@Galenus1234 14 дней назад

Just a guess... To us it is quite straightforward that the same laws apply to all celestial bodies, because we know that for fact. Yet, to the naked eye of a 15th century astronomer the huge circular face of the moon looked nothing like those little wandering specks in the night sky, called "planets". So I can understand that noone even thought about going for the moon's motion first an then applying the moon's laws to the planets.

@hareecionelson5875 6 дней назад

the moon orbits the earth and does not undergo retrograde motion the planets orbit the sun and so thye have weird paths through the night sky that people want to predict.

@K0P Месяц назад

Outstanding work! I love the vibe of these old-timey book illustrations. Kepler's crazy 3d frame looking thing MC Escher drawing belongs on a psychedelic rock album cover

@WelchLabsVideo Месяц назад

I should do a poster!

@K0P Месяц назад

@@WelchLabsVideo yes pls!

@moneyheist_- 21 день назад

@@WelchLabsVideohave you looked into the the geocentric model proposed by Robert sungenis

@user-tt9uy5gg9o Месяц назад

Wrong kind of vein. It should be "Don't let me die in vain."

@Simpson17866 Месяц назад

Mayhap they were using the olde spelling? ;)

@dominicestebanrice7460 29 дней назад

This is jaw-dropping good content; a masterpiece in the form. I've never seen such a complete yet concise exposition. And the integrated graphics are top-tier.

@jonr6680 Месяц назад

7:40 That right there is the money shot. The sublime animation graphics & explanation are the USP of this channel. Told me stuff I never knew (but which random dudes in C16 had figured out), and has the grace to actually break the complex geometry down to a level I can grasp. Should be mandatory in every school.

@TazariaGaming Месяц назад

I love the story from how we went from our ancient understanding of the planets to our current model of the Solar system. It spans thousands of years and so many brilliant minds. There is something beautiful about retracing those steps and watching our understanding of the universe evolve over time. Thank you for covering it! Very excited for the next video

@m7mdyahia 24 дня назад

Ancient observation Potelmy Galileo Copernicus Newton Einstein Along with centuries of observation

@ianmichael5768 Месяц назад

The Mechanical Universe indeed. Copernicus Kepler Jim Blinn You have made a beautiful film here. Thank you

@boi_howdy Месяц назад

5:06 Hi to your cat! :)

@SBA_poiko Месяц назад

Loved it! Really appreciate that all the animations are with a black background

@KalebPeters99 Месяц назад

Fantastic video, excited for part two!!

@nni9310 Месяц назад

Great video. Minor spelling error at 1:38: the expression is to not die in VAIN, not vein (which refers to were blood flows and minerals are extracted.

@kadmii 28 дней назад

extremely excited for the next part. This is so much more complete and fascinating than most retellings that summarize and gloss over in order to get to the conclusions more directly

@martinsanchez-hw4fi Месяц назад

I would LOVE to learn the research process you go through to make these videos. Or become an assistant to collaborate. Total admiration for your amazing work

@toadtws 23 дня назад

Oh my word, what a fantastic treatment of this subject. The animations are perfect at explaining these complex ideas. You’ve definitely earned a follower here. Bravo!! 🎉

@LuisGLC31 24 дня назад

Hi Stephen! I've recently discovered your channel and I can honestly say that it blew my mind. The way you are capable of explaining complicated things in an easy-to-grasp manner, the overall quality of the visualizations, the books you show, and the stop-motion sections are all AMAZING. It has quickly become one of my favorite science channels, I've binge-watched most of your videos! It's not often that I comment on RU-vid videos, but this time I just had to do it. Keep up the great work, mate! Oh, and as a side note, I really would appreciate it if you could take some time to put up links in the description to the music you use on your videos. I recognize some (mostly Satie Gymnopedies/Gnossienes), but I'd love to see a WelchLabs background music playlist :)

@peterwerrenrath1112 Месяц назад

Really clear graphics and story of the logic.

@RobBon-hm8kr 19 дней назад

This level of detail is amazing, keep up the good work, subbed

@kevcal7 Месяц назад

I've been waiting for this video for 2 decades. Thanks!

@wholesomejm Месяц назад

This was an incredible video! Combinations of video and animation were stellar

@blueboats Месяц назад

"... not to have died in vein" - clearly they did not have spell check for text graphics in 1601

@bjorntorlarsson Месяц назад

Tycho Brahe died on Ven, the small Danish island where he had his home and observatory.

@koharaisevo3666 Месяц назад

@@bjorntorlarsson He die in Prague.

@bjorntorlarsson Месяц назад

@@koharaisevo3666 I know. The Swede's looted his grave during the 30 years war!

@ozimerman111 29 дней назад

Excellent. Thank you for doing this. Incredible amount of work.

@feynstein1004 Месяц назад

I really enjoy this stuff because it provides much needed context behind historical advancements and discoveries. Unfortunately science is often taught like magic. No wonder people are skeptical. If someone tried to teach me the physics of 3024 AD without mentioning all of the advances from now until then, I'd be pretty skeptical too. Wait, I found a better analogy. It's like reading a research paper but everything except the conclusion is missing.

@kenkiarie Месяц назад

Fantastic story teller and oration. History motivated learning further enhances understanding. Thank you for the enlightenment!

@jbflores01 17 дней назад

your video(s) is ,by far, the best explained and the videos convey the concept clearly! You do a great job on your videos!

@carmelwolf129 Месяц назад

really love your content. history of science is always so fascinating when told well, and you deliver!

@jurgkreis3427 Месяц назад

Wonderful video, I love it! Can’t wait for part two 😊

@srinivasgorur-shandilya1788 Месяц назад

i love your videos so much! so well done!

@brenorocha6687 24 дня назад

I usually dislike when we are told just at the end that the video is incomplete and left with a cliffhanger. But your presentation was so well done that instead I immediately subscribed. Great video!

@mickelodiansurname9578 24 дня назад

@Welch Labs just to keep you up to date man your short about the Ptolemaic model is what drew me here... so the shorts are working. Subscribed

@WelchLabsVideo 23 дня назад

Amazing thanks for the info - that really is helpful.

@jowadulkader9006 24 дня назад

Unbelievably amazing story telling! Hats off sir!

@ireoluwaTH Месяц назад

Putting Kepler's picture on an elliptical frame is tight... 😉 Great videos as always!

@eswing2153 Месяц назад

That’s quite the cliffhanger. Thanks for making such great visuals.

@Thetarget1 14 дней назад

Amazing video! You are getting some details which aren´t even in Cosmos' explanation, which I always found the best of youtube. And now I´m so invested for part four! I teach physics, and I will probably be using this video in the future, at least for the more advanced students. It is also really fascinating how Kepler spent a year doing a computation, that a physics bachelor student with a basic knowledge of Python could do in an afternoon today.

@Silver8te 24 дня назад

having done a highschool course on astronomy that was basically just sides and worksheets, going into depth about kepler’s laws is extremely interesting and i’m already excited for the next ep

@WelchLabsVideo 23 дня назад

Woohoo!

@tune490 21 день назад

What! Left on a cliffhanger! I had read a little bit of this history before, but I didn't know the details. I can't wait for the next video!

@MattGiuca 18 дней назад

Incredible research and explanation. Great work on the visuals, without which we'd be lost in the math.

@christianhansen3590 Месяц назад

These history of science videos are awesome!

@johneagle4384 Месяц назад

Both are amazing: The video and Kepler. Thank you.

@tareksaid81 20 дней назад

It is so good to see you doing this awesome work Stephen. You have been a massive inspiration for my channel. Years ago I watched your "Imaginary Numbers are Real" series and it was a mind blowing experience. I realised after watching it that the best and most enjoyable way to understand complex topics is to study the history of their evolution. So I started reading about the history of different ideas and decided to make videos about them. Thank you for being such an inspiration and for continuing the great work. I am really looking forward to your next video!

@ghostedyoutuber263 15 дней назад

nice editing and visuals!, really helpful when showing noobs about frame of reference transitions.

@AntisuneOLL Месяц назад

Cool ending

@yagokf540 24 дня назад

amazing video! we need the next part!!!

@bmurali5128 25 дней назад

Great video! Really explains the fundamentals

@hiongun 11 дней назад

Amazing channel. Amazing discovery process.

@jackallread Месяц назад

Great video! Thanks!

@carpemkarzi Месяц назад

Excellent video

@camposcuanticos 23 дня назад

This is such an awesome video! I always wanted to know what was going on during that time

@TheWilyx 23 дня назад

Insta subscribed! Can't wait for next episode!

@Elchouse 26 дней назад

What a truly awesome video. Are the books you show (like in this one the Astronomia Nova) bought from somewhere or do you print and bind them?

@WelchLabsVideo 25 дней назад

Bind them myself - wish I could buy them somewhere!

@Acuzzio Месяц назад

this is SO cool. Thanks for your awesome videos.

@snowscape Месяц назад

Great work

@chaoticlue 27 дней назад

Awesome. I wish this could be converted to a series of sorts; a sub-channel maybe where you'd tell how things were discovered. It sure does have a long list, but an extremely interesting one at that.

@CDai-rw7sm 11 дней назад

Ahhhh all the custom visualization❤❤❤ Please also make a video about what laplace did with his perturbation theory and discovery of Neptune

@user-dm84 23 дня назад

Love it! Thank you

@piviriccardo8397 Месяц назад

this video is fantastic! - love from an italian physics student

@das250250 27 дней назад

This is a great video for a few more that are now possible. To retrace observations of mars ,to show how to collect the data. How to measure the data that's required and why . 2D and 3D models showing the angles , the devices these individuals used to make accurate measurements of that time. To show of were they using the same methods . Essentially ,to get into the shoes of these very brilliant scientists. To show the details of their models and math. You could do a complete series showing all of this.

@davidstaples8865 25 дней назад

Man I subbed as soon as I saw the time lapse you did with Stellarium at the start of the video, very nice

@WelchLabsVideo 25 дней назад

Thanks! Yeah that was a bit tricky!!

@endlesswick 17 дней назад

This is very interesting. When I was in college I watched the Carl Sagan Cosmos episode about Kepler and I was really inspired. I made a POVray image of Kepler's first cosmological model.

@Yitzh6k Месяц назад

Frustrating that this only has 10k views a day in. All your videos are excellent.

@animeniacthephysicist9557 24 дня назад

The return of the best youtube channel

@daniellomeli 28 дней назад

I can't wait for the second part

@LamirLakantry 21 день назад

Techo was an exentric guy. Falce nose. Kept a pet moose which got drunk at parties, and died from not going to the bathroom for too long. What's interesting is that he had good reason from rejecting the heliocentric model. You see, if we went around the sun, then there would be parallax with the stars. There is though. But the distance was simply too vast to measure it with him equipment.

@a2sbestos768 Месяц назад

Oh wow, you're alive. Nice to see

@kennyhoughton 11 дней назад

This is easily the most interesting video I have ever watched on RU-vid 100 billion out of 100 billion stars. Very good very very good. thank you so much.

@PlayNowWorkLater 10 дней назад

Super interesting going through the logical development of his ideas

@NexStudios1 26 дней назад

bro your videos are amazing for late night and you're high AF, please continue making this content ahahahahahaha

@ricardovencio 28 дней назад

amazing story history super didactic presentation.

@nathangale7702 Месяц назад

Thanks, I think this will be helpful for my physics students next semester.

@exoplanet11 27 дней назад

Here's one professional astronomer congratulating you on an excellent video. Well done. Looking forward to the next video and hoping to see the quote: "Ah, what a foolish bird I have been!"

@rational1016 Месяц назад

Good stuff

@agargamer6759 Месяц назад

Can't wait for ellipses!

@tombouie 27 дней назад

Well Done, you're quite the astronomy-historian; It's quite unbelievable that people stuck on earth with little/no technology could figured-out how the planets moved millions of miles away. In the end, all motion is relative & sun-centered planet orbits just makes the math easiest

@spirosskouras7587 24 дня назад

Honestly I feel like I found a channel similar to veratasium or VSauce. Rare but awesome and informative in an interesting way. Keep up the good work

@nouamanmoukassi81 17 дней назад

This is an amazing video

@VercilJuan 13 дней назад

Bro this is so beautiful

@AngshumanBhardwaj 20 дней назад

Now that's a cliffhanger!

@losingonlotto3449 24 дня назад

That’s actual Harrison county TX, Harris county would be near Houston, I actually live west of Marshall Tx in a little town called Hallsville, which is in Harrison County. That’s neat that your kin is from my neck of the woods, all my family on my father’s side “Oney” is from Marshall Tx

@geekjokes8458 Месяц назад

the second part of the story is the one told my all astronomy professors: "it's right but it feels wrong"

@rium5PA43R Месяц назад

If you want more Kepler, then you should read "The Sky's Dark Labyrinth" by Stuart Clark. It is an excellent novelization of the lives and struggles of Kelper and Galileo. A very enjoyable read.

@Martinko_Pcik 24 дня назад

Amazing what could be figured out even without the telescope

@wayando Месяц назад

What?! ... I have to wait until next episode? 😂😂😂

@aurorazoe6011 25 дней назад

Thats a better cliffhanger than all marvel films!!

@FreemindTv11 2 дня назад

I am totally no smart enough to completely get this, but it is endlessly fascinating

@XIIchiron78 2 дня назад

The way Tycho Brahe died is also pretty strange itself

@maxwellduncan3555 10 дней назад

I'm also from Harris County!

@AngusTatchell 28 дней назад

11:27 Correction needed - Ibn al Shatir's birth years should be AD, not BC (1304-1375 AD)

@mikstratok Месяц назад

This is a spectacular video, don't know exactly why tho

@bjorntorlarsson Месяц назад

Tycho Brahe, a Dane, writes in a letter to an astronomer colleague having visited him (a German, who are for some reason crazy about elks) that he can unfortunately not sell his tame pet elk to him. Because it drank too much beer and fatally fell down the stairs. Tycho Brahe had a silver nose after a duel that he won by a close call! Johannis Kepler defended her mother in a court accusing her for witchcraft. But later he wrote "Somnium", the first scifi novel ever(!) about how he travelled to the Moon, using his mother's witchcraft!!! (Using a magic mushroom as breething aggregate, btw, however he could know that space was airless... recommended reading "Somnium".) And you know about Galileo Galilei provoking the pope and such. Such were the scientists who founded modern astronomy! They had strong personal character. And by the way, all three of them made their living as ASTROLOGERS predicting good dates for marriage and such for their rich clients. Those were the days.