Kilonovas are absolute fascinating..the JWST being able to observe and detect tellurium is amazing..I'm so excited about the future of science thus astrophysics 💯
Hole thing is probability ratios and that's why they occur that way. The more the random search the more quantum entanglement. Much higher elements than the ones below threshold might get into an other big bang. What is the probability of square between 0 and 4. 1 4. 2/4. Frequency 4/2. When you say square it means quantum wells or holes. Two types of quantum wells 1 2. Negative numbers and imaginary numbers and real numbers and fractals are are dynamics. Cubics spacial. Irrational paths.
As interesting as his is...... it was made 4 years ago, before the JWST looked even further back in time and gave us an enhanced viewpoint of the early universe. I'd like to see an updated version of this lecture.
The furthest back we can 'see' is the CMB at 380,000 years after big bang. The JWST is only looking at slightly older galaxies and stars than Hubble. Some things can be updated like galaxies formed and settled faster than we thought. But most is very similar as 4 years ago.
While I knew the majority of this, I found this description to be wonderfully engaging. And wow! How he introduced the intermission! A beautiful sight to see people engage exactly as he described... Brilliant! Thanks very much for this. Will help future generations... 👍
I took Astronomy 101 in 1973 and am surprised by how much of this was known back then, and -- of course -- how much has been discovered since then. This wonderfully intelligent lecture for interested layman tied a lot of loose thoughts together that had gone dormant in my mind, but I am pleased that they were still there to be dusted off and understood. What great tool the internet is for the curious (despite the nonsense). I am watching lectures in all my old favorite courses, and with 50 years of additional life since then, am greatly enjoying the intellectual pursuit for its own sake.
We are in the process of discovering that heavier elements were created much earlier than we thought. I think what we will eventually learn is that the universe is far older than the currently accepted 14bn-ish.
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else.
But gluons are massless, so how would you get quarks which are massed from masslessness? I think we need to begin and stick with Einstein's Energy = Mass x Speed of Light^2 and work from there. And consider how the Higgs Field of energy gave mass to matter to form the electrons, quarks, etc?
@@JK-pd7jf Great question. Since this was posted, I have come to realize Gluons are an artificial particle invented to explain the Strong Force. Below is an updated version. Conservation of Spatial Curvature (both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature) Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. An artificial Christmas tree can hold the ornaments in place, but it is not a real tree. String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What did some of the old clockmakers use to store the energy to power the clock? Was it a string or was it a spring? What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine. Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: “We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr (lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958) The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change. ===================== Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Could the production of multiple writhe cycles help explain the three generations of quarks and neutrinos? If the twist cycles increase, the writhe cycles would also have a tendency to increase. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. ( Mass=1/Length ) The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge. Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. This topological Soliton model grew out of that simple idea.
Is there any possible correlation between the scarcity of heavier elements and the formation/presence of black holes from supermassive stars collapsing and consequently drawing in those elements?
This could perhaps play a minor role but it's mostly due to the relatively low probability of these and preceding events. A supernova doesn't just turn hydrogen into uranium, there are a lot of prior steps, and only a percentage of atoms at each stage go onto the next so there are less and less atoms per (as well as some compounds being predominantly produced by radioactive decay of the products of supernovae.
I thought earth was only 6000 years old. I will have to review my previous education. Something is definitely amiss. I should have stayed awake for physics and slept through church.
1:05:08 - the right anwser to that questions is that once you heat any substance enough it turns into plasma - which is a cloud of free electrons and free nuclei ... and centre of the star is hot way beyond that point.
Thanks so much for the last question that I was dying someone would ask, and especially thanks for the super clear answer. Great professor lucky are students who had your classes!!!
And there I thought... yeah; shows again that what's obvious to one person is obscure to others. Great lecture. I wonder why his name is not listed here...
Would most small mass stars at one point in their generational history (~10 gens) have mixed in with the elemental remnants of old super novae (>iron)? Or is there a chance that even though there are trillions and trillions of small mass stars, that a large fraction of them would have very few elements, and therefore very few planets?
I understand that very low mass stars burn their fuel very slowly. So I would guess that some very low mass stars we see today could be first generation stars - if and only if conditions in the very early universe were conducive to their formation in the first place.
i think what he was saying is that most of those generations are supernova/large mass stars. makes sense to me considering that low mass stars would probably still be around im sure they can quantify this with spectroscopy, as these low mass stars that absorbed remnants of supernova will still have those elements in them, even if they aren't hot enough to fuse them/ they are too heavy to be fused
❤❤Nice!❤❤ Neutron as neutral they can form dense mass. But electron and proton cannot as they repell themselves.... does it mean there can be no proton or electron star?
What this guy, and basically every other one explaining the beginning of the universe never touches on is why electrons orbit the nucleus. According to this guy, we had free protons, floating around, and sometimes those protons had a neutron. Hydrogen and helium nuclei. Then along comes an electron, and instead of smashing directly into that positive nucleus, which is apparently how the neutron is made, it starts to orbit in a random pattern. WHY ?!???!!!!
🐕💚🍕 dogs like pizza 🤠 ... silence!!! or I will photonate you...?!.. photonize you???... photonurder you!!!.. all these things at once... twice?🤔 dogs like pizza 🐕💚🍕
Is it possible 3rd gen nova's could make higher elements on the table like a stable isotope of element 115 in other solar systems older then ours or passing thru older nova remnant?
Superheavy elements are much more efficiently made by kilonovae (colliisons of neutron stars) If you break up what's basically a city sized nucleus you are bound to make some heavy nuclei. However, it's pretty obvious that none of the elements up there are sufficiently stable to stay around.
@@HotelPapa100does that explanation have any relevance to the explaining dark matter? I mean is there any gravitational relationship to the heavier elements prior to (maybe from) the decay that would affect our gravitational measurements that “disappears” as a heavier/unstable/large elements decays? I.e. a momentary thumb on the scale if you will. The mass registering in space/time just before decaying to a smaller, stable mass particle and massless particle?
Gravity, although real and calculable, is NOT a "force", per se. Not sure WHY you keep telling this audience it is. I'm guess in, for simplicity sake? If so, then you need to qualify that to them. Simply say, "It's not REALLY a force, but for the purposes of this demonstration, we're gonna call it a force so that you can understand it". Because, it is misleading when you say, "gravity is a force".
4-5 hundred million years to first stars.... J. Webb blows this up right? Does this mean the universe didn't follow the black body curve as was previously thought? What equation is this? Can anyone help me out here?
I think perhaps you're slightly mistaken on your terminology and physics, there isn't an equation for this and black body curves refer to the spectral emissions of hot objects at a specific given temperature assuming them to be perfect black bodies, so the universe wouldn't fit on a black body curve since the universe isn't a wavelength of light.
Tellurium is a chemical element with the symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur, all three of which are chalcogens.
Antimatter go away likely has to do with a like to chirality. Like Equals and opposites tending towards a handedness of orientation. Same like as biological life tending towards the use of right handed sugar molecules rather than left. I been considering y'all's quantum physicicsl sciency stuff for a few months now and I thiny it might be that. Its the spins as you call them suggests it. That and your Higgs particle thingy makes me think that. Its got a non zero vacuum expectation value, 246 GeV. Don't even know what all that means but don't need to. I. Can tell by just seeing the 246. Half of which is 123. ABC easy as 123. Your quantum physical reality gotta form the basis of why your mathematics thingys always work. Therefore your Higgy thingy gonna be jiggy with that. You got 360 and 720 spins. Pattern dynamics suggests nature use factors for variation in mathematical patterns at that. 360 got the most factors any number until twice it's value which is 720. Reason why see 123 at 246. Higgy thingy forms the basis how why your mathematics thingy works or at least the relativity of why that 246. Yall describe a right or left handedness about them 360 and 720 spins. Antimatter and matter representative of equals and opposites. Anti matter go away cause equals and opposites tended towards matter at the option is they destroy each other and so had to go one way or the other. Also pathagorus guy use 360 in his thinking circles cause got from Babylonian astrology, which ultimately relatively to astronomy. and courses of celestial bofies and therefore the mechanics of physical orientations in basic things like oliptical, circular, or ocilating movements which is also fundamentally componently elemental of vibration or that your little particles wiggle like little engines that could in every which way. I also seen youd could probably even make an engine out of dirt at least somehow. If you get the thermal acoustics right. That and if your second law of thermal dynamics is allowed to can agree with your first. I think you should would make the engine run from sunlight cause the big shiny ball in the sky nuclear reactions work just fine billions of miles away from our planet and it works for free unlike the tendency of economics tended towards fossil fuels cause rich guy first got most the big bang for his buck out of yhe combustion engine developed first and so other avenues were abandoned and only 1% the population sociopath and psychopath but 24% of of CEOs psychopath or sociopath. That the kind of people like to be in charge of things I guess but I don't think its really that bright to let psychos run the world's religion and politics and economics. I think people neglect the volcano part when they follow volcano god worshipper human sacrifice like religion and politics and economic values. If yall could please note that though monetary investment govern research and development to some degree. Actually its industry and economics thats dependant on the discovery and innovation of the visionaries and therefore the discoverer and the innovator shape the course of matters by their discovery and innovation. Them rich people depend on the smart people not the other way around. I just want yall to note that so you stop getting hustled a so much and so you can maximize your positive potential and impact at in the world. Ink stamp printing press instead ink pen altered the entire global economy and social dynamics and structure. Your ideas can literally shape the future more towards the benefit of even all mankind. and I think wise people are better leaders than psychos. Thanks for your time to read my comment.
D fui lá buscar no sábado e o cafezinho da tarde para é só r e um pouco para você e um beijo e um beijo no rosto e a noite a gente se vê o cafezinho tava precisando muito muito sucesso
This is an extremely interesting topic, but I’d love to see a current version of this same lecture… I never went to college but I’m extremely interested in the topic. With new scientific discoveries in recent time, the facts must change what we know about this. Some scientists are saying the universe might be twice as old as what we thought it was…
How the bread-making machine made bread. What came before this amazing feat of technology, The Bread-making Machine? Logic says a bread-making machine maker.
@JoeBlowUK Right. Because for now that is the limit of our understanding. But first God was responsible for the sun, moon, air, water and so on. God's were the cause of all of it. Now you are shrunk down to a singularity and THAT is your god. When we discover that one you will ask who created the quantum fields. We have all the burden on the science side. Proving every single thing ever. God peeps just throw their hands up and say because God made it that way.
Gi tô aqui no portão da rua de um beijo e um beijo e o cafezinho tava precisando muito muito sucesso e o cafezinho tava precisando muito muito muito sucesso e o carro estava ótimo e vc
R viu o cafezinho tava precisando muito muito sucesso e um beijo de um beijo e o cafezinho da tarde e a noite toda vez no momento de manhã e a tarde toda a noite a gente se vê se ele pode ser amanhã
De manhã eu tenho quase certeza disso eu tô indo embora agora da escola da tia Maria da Conceição de um beijo e o carro estava muito muito sucesso e o cafezinho da tarde e o carro para todos vcs estão no trabalho
