How to make Very Flat Optical Surfaces on Glass

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The video shows (hands on) how a nanometer level flat optical surface can be made. It first discusses the principle of the continuous pitch polisher, also known as the planetary polisher or optical lap master.
00:00 Intro of flat surface creation / polishing
00:37 Optical flatness specs compared to general machining results
01:04 Angular machine / continuous pitch polisher explained
07:24 Simplified version of the continuous pitch polisher
10:15 CNC polishing machine construction explained
11:16 Example of polishing 3 objects flat on a plate
In addition, I discuss my personal method to make flat optics which is a modified / simplified version of the continuous pitch polisher.
This video contains short clips of other videos showing similar continuous pitch polishers in action.
Clips at 1:16min and 5:16 min were displayed by courtesy of Sydor Optics:
www.sydor.com/ Check out their company video at:
• Sydor Optics (Overview)
Clip at 1:20 taken from Gijs Loning's video (OpPad) on his visit to the Zeiss Factory:
• Zeiss
(very nice and informative video, Dutch spoken)

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Опубликовано:

2 авг 2024

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Комментарии : 493

@mccallan2798 3 года назад

I've got absolutely no idea why this video was recommended but I'm so glad it was. Fascinating. Well done.

@robotslug 3 года назад

Same

@thekeyfox 3 года назад

Same

@BootyYeeter 3 года назад

Same

@88njtrigg88 3 года назад

It's because your subliminally interested in light & optics.

@mcpozzm6321 3 года назад

It started when I clicked on a bartender showing how to make optically clear ice cubes for drinks, next day this was in my feed.

@TheWtfnonamez 3 года назад

Totally counterintuitive. I've done a fair bit of metalwork sanding and polishing, so I naturally assumed that optical polishing would be similar, only using something harder and flatter to grind the surface. It never occurred to me that the rotational grinding process would use something ductile, yet get better results. Thank you very much for the excellent explanation.

@stanrogers5613 3 года назад

In metalworking terms, it would be very similar to using an aluminum, copper, or tin lap (as in watchmaker's "black polishing"). You want your lap to be softer than the material to be cut. Your lap becomes a matrix to hold the abrasive particles in place, and the cutting happens on the material that can't just grab and hold the abrasive. (Tin, by the way, gives absolutely amazing results when polishing steel. It's just _really_ stringy to machine when you're initially making the lap. Save it for your finest - sub-micron - grits.)

@stc2828 3 года назад

You polish silverware with fine cloth which is softer than silver. If you use sandpaper the result would be terrible.

@gvidas1338 3 года назад

Very informative yet old video on lapping metal parts by rotation. Check this: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-fnoVV-RWIWY.html It vey clearly explains "how it's made".

@sakelaine2953 3 года назад

@@gvidas1338 This is great, thanks!

@matter9 2 года назад

I feel there’s a general misconception when it comes to lapping a polishing that is a result of focusing on the lap material. As the first comment responder noted the lap only hold the cutting media. There are three fundamental rules for cutting to occur, though I only usually remember two. The important one here is that the cutting “tool” (in this case lapping or polishing compound) MUST be harder that the workpiece. The second is that there must be relative motion. The third escapes me. But in either case it is not the lap that cuts the work piece but the embedded abrasive. Apologies for the lecture comment but lapping and polishing seem to be no different fundamentally than any other metal removal process; hard removes soft. In the case of polishing silverware presumably there is some residual polishing compound on the cloth that is the effective mechanism for removing the oxide layer. Also, if I’m glaringly wrong please correct me. 👍 Edited for autocorrect errors.

@tombesson7293 3 года назад

This video reminds me of the optician who fell into a lens grinder and made a spectacle of himself.

@MikeWiggins1235711 3 года назад

That's not as bad as the glass blower who accidentally inhaled and now has a pane in his chest.

@yashsvidixit7169 3 года назад

@@MikeWiggins1235711 Still not as bad as that chef who, while cooking some some chicken broth, fell into the pot and made a laughing stock of himself.

@Cynthia_Cantrell 3 года назад

Clearly, I didn't see that coming.

@tombesson7293 3 года назад

@@Cynthia_Cantrell Did you hear about the guy who wondered why the baseball kept getting bigger and bigger, then it hit him.

@user-hv6wb5gk8p 3 года назад

Reminds me of the lab technician who spilled some acid on himself. Really left him fuming.

@frog8220 3 года назад

How did I end up watching 12min of "how to polish something to the nm scale?" But you explained it so well that I understood it without any previous experience in polishing glass or anything for that matter

@Kargoneth 5 месяцев назад

It's rather hypnotic.

@hydrocarbon8272 4 года назад

Flat-out the best vid on making flat optical surfaces! Clearly thought out well, I couldn't pitch in any criticism. It's almost like we're on the same wavelength.

@digitalradiohacker 3 года назад

What a cheerfully bright comment! I for one found the video very illuminating, and it seemed to polish out all the rough spots in my dull and hazy knowledge. You could say that it expanded my bandwidth....

@yashsvidixit7169 3 года назад

@@digitalradiohacker makes me wanna leave my daily grind and do something else

@bellowphone 3 года назад

Micronically inquisitive mind lapped up the precision explanations.

@Asdayasman 3 года назад

If y'all don't cease with immediacy I'm gonna jump into a woodchipper.

@DocBree13 3 года назад

😂

@noanyobiseniss7462 2 года назад

The true test of whether someone has mastered a field is their ability to explain it to the uninitiated in a clear and concise manner, you sir are a credit to the field.

@TickyTack23 3 года назад

This is really good, so well detailed. It seems over the years there has been a lot of demonstrations of optical grinding/lapping, lots of "recipes" so to speak, without any detailed explanation as to why it works. I'm coming out of this with a deeper understanding of the process, only took 12 years, but better late than never!

@tomtang2639 3 года назад

jeez why didnt youtube algorithm recommend this to me earlier??? Its fascinating!!

@stickyfox 3 года назад

I used a machine like this in the 90s to flatten hydraulic motor parts. Instead of pitch, the wheel surface was steel, and the surface was kept flat by adjusting three rings which also kept the parts in position on the wheel. We'd check it a couple times a day by washing the abrasive off and placing an optical flat on the wheel. But other than that it worked the same way.

@hindugoat2302 3 года назад

its not the same as true level

@stickyfox 3 года назад

@@hindugoat2302 Reality is poison! I can't live like this!

@myselfremade 3 года назад

@@stickyfox lol nice answer. Did you happen to work on pistons and cylinder bores too for a hydraulic piston motor?

@stickyfox 3 года назад

@@myselfremade I worked on Eaton and Sauer-Sundstrand axial piston pumps and motors. We would replace pistons and cylinder blocks and send them out to be resleeved/refinished.

@myselfremade 3 года назад

@@stickyfox ah very nice. I have an Eaton series 1 pump. 5.4 cubic inch variable displacement model. Installed on my truck. Great pump 👍 wish I had a 11 cubic inch fixed displacement piston motor to go with it but instead I am using a Geroler. It does ok but slightly less optimal.

@kochipj 3 года назад

I work in the optics industry for a couple of years now and I have to say that your channel is a real treasure! Your videos are both, highly educational and entertaining. Keep up the outstanding work!

@williamcashion5262 Год назад

It's hard for me to believe but, I lapped and polished for 20 years (Gator Diamond, Inc) and didn't know half of this info. Thanks, Bill

@Dukey8668 4 года назад

I have been interested in optical engineering for a long time now and yours is the first channel I have seen that covers it well. So thank you for making such excellent videos.

@martinthemillwright 2 года назад

One of the most clearly explained process ever seen on RU-vid. Beautiful. I feel like building one of these now.

@TungstenCarbideTempe 3 года назад

The principle looks simple, its just a tar and turntable, but those who tried working with glass, especially polishing and making it precise, knows that its extremely hard, takes years of practice and patience. Great video.

@janpoppeliers8619 3 года назад

Very clear and detailed explanation, best I found so far (and no irritating background music). Cool how you built the turntable from a washing machine motor and rollerblade wheels!

@MaxRomantschuk 2 года назад

This is the most satisfying and informative presentation I've seen in ages. As a photographer I really appreciate the craftsmanship required to produce high quality optics. My hat off to you Sir! 🎩

@zekeroche7915 Год назад

I've been polishing for a year now. This was super informative. Putting images to techniques helps me understand more of what I do all day long lol

@user-ow3yj1mx3e Год назад

I have been polishing precision optics for 12 years, I really enjoyed the video, thank you. I do the final polishing of the optics on a spindle in a zerodur plate with holes, I put planes with weights in them, according to a similar principle. pitch polishing pad for the night I turn over on a plate smeared with Regipol with good flatness

@shripadwarudkar6487 2 года назад

Hats off to your narration... I simply was thrilled. I am a retired engineer, 73 yrs.

@movax20h 4 года назад

Fascinating videos, with plenty of details. Thank you for all this useful info and diagrams!

@therealzilch 2 года назад

I've always thought there was something almost magical about being able to make incredibly accurate optical surfaces, flat or otherwise, with no precision tools whatsoever. I ground my 6" parabolic mirror by hand, and figured it to 1/20 wave accuracy on a pitch lap, with no references other than the Foucault test. Very nicely done. Subscribed. cheers from sunny Vienna, Scott

@robertmccabe8632 2 года назад

if you like that; then the three plates to make a surface plate is another example of this principle (though wil hardish surfaces)

@therealzilch 2 года назад

@@robertmccabe8632 Indeed. I use this principle to keep my sharpening stones flat. Using silicon carbide abrasive, I grind A against B, B against C, and C against A.

@jlmknight 3 года назад

Very fascinating seeing someone so specialized and advanced in their field, thank you for sharing.

@SqueakerT 3 года назад

At work here in Germany they got mad at me for filing like this....that you work in nm tolerances and do so as well made me really happy. The understanding of why one would do it so they just couldn’t understand. Also an amazing video, very informative. Keep up the good work!

@Crobisaur 3 года назад

Your videos constantly inspire me to want to build my own lenses for different optical projects. Thank you for sharing your designs and knowledge!

@MimicGriphon 3 года назад

Am I the only one that loves this type of stuff, but at the same time, completely understands how boring most people probably would find it?

@adrianrevill7686 3 года назад

Thank you, i always wanted to know how it was done. Very clear description.

@1NicholasWeir 4 года назад

Thank you for making and sharing this video! Great content and very informative!

@ramkitty 2 года назад

Excellent vector drawing demonstrating the constant angular velocity.

@Dak3 3 года назад

Using interferometric fringes to test optics, what an ingenious setup!

@kellymoses8566 3 года назад

If you think that is impressive the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory uses interferometry to detect changes in length less than a 10 thousandth of the diameter of a proton.

@BarneyDesmond 3 года назад

@@kellymoses8566 luckily we don't need *quite* such precision for optics :)

@joshuagrahm3607 3 года назад

Could watch vids like this all day - thanks for sharing

@pixelmangler 3 года назад

Clear and precise explanations along with fascinating footage. Thank you. Subbed.

@tottedpotato 2 года назад

Hello youtube algorithm...thank you for suggesting something I didn't know i needed to know

@royalgilpin4922 2 года назад

This video reminds me of how profound our technological advancement has been. Just think of how many different people had to cooperate and dedicate basically their entire lives to engineering better solutions in the relatively niche field of precision optics. Using a high viscosity fluid as a lapping surface? How the hell did anybody come up with that? Stuff like this just blows my mind.

@TheEvertw 3 года назад

Prachtig werk! Ik heb me altijd al afgevraagd hoe die dingen zo vlak konden worden gemaakt.

@johannglaser 3 года назад

Fascinating, and very well explained! Thanks a lot!

@gkelly 3 года назад

I would have never guessed that you'd use a malleable disc to do the polishing. Really fascinating to see how this is performed, thanks for the video!

@davejenkins8524 2 года назад

I have always wanted to see Mach 3 used in a unique way like this. BRAVO !

@christopherr4628 3 года назад

That was interesting and well explained. Good job, I will watch a few more of your videos

@fhgx32 3 года назад

Very good explanations with great schematics. Great video overall.

@MindbodyMedic Год назад

this filled in some gaps in my knowledge, really great stuff.

@falcfire3093 3 года назад

Fascinating stuff, the explaination is on point!

@BruceSchaller 2 года назад

This is an excellent way to do low speed control with a VFD. Thank you for the good idea.

@machinetoolswarehouse 3 года назад

Awesome work! I am going to try this...

@josephhertzberg2734 3 года назад

I had no idea about any of this. Fascinating.

@Santibag 6 месяцев назад

The closest thing I do is knife sharpening, but I always wondered about stuff like straightness, flatness, and smoothness. This videos was very interesting.

@ShcherbynaM 3 года назад

Thank you, for precise explanation of the process.

@bekanav 3 года назад

Very good stuff. I've done my share of glass pushing, long long hours of manual work. I tried to make 200mm flats but I constantly got into troubles in 1um (two rings) level... Perhaps I return to them sometimes, even though I hardly remember why I started making them LOL (ok it was some cassegrain telescope idea, and another for testing other flats)

@chris-hayes 3 года назад

No idea why this is in my recommended, but very interesting. I'm amazed this kind of thing can be DIY with the proper knowledge and materials. I would consider myself a maker more in the software area, it's always cool to see what other people are working on. Keep making!

@Bill.Pearson 2 года назад

"proper knowledge and materials"--including an old washing machine motor and rollerblade wheels.

@aerosoapbreeze264 3 года назад

Your channel deserves more subscribers

@nawtdavids 2 года назад

Really well made video! Great job.

@PronatorTendon 3 года назад

I wasn't aware how much I like this content

@SandyRiverBlue 2 года назад

I really enjoy your videos....keep them coming.

@markwilliams5654 2 года назад

Great information thanks for sharing 🤠

@turbocpt1 3 года назад

The explanations you give is perfect. Even a brick can understand this.

@pablovicentico 2 года назад

Amazing video!!

@marklimbrick Год назад

Last minute had the information I didn't know I needed. Blocking pitch does put pressure on glass held to a backing. All the old film of spectacles and camera lenses show blocking, but these are not expected to be accurate to fractions of a wavelength. OK now I will also avoid lots of messy cleaning up as well.

@jonsydor9048 2 года назад

Great video!

@raguaviva 3 года назад

physicist here, every single video of yours is mesmerizing, I have no words!

@TitusLivy777 3 года назад

Very interesting and informative. Thank you!

@minercraftal 2 года назад

Really nice knowledge!

@beaudanner 3 года назад

So fascinating the science and math that goes into allowing us to achieve this. I would have never guessed it was pitch

@haenselundgretel654 2 года назад

Wow! Just wow! Cheers mate for the all the Infos! I like your dialect ;-)

@asdf35750 3 года назад

Using a Fisher and Paykel motor driven by a VFD is genius! So much simpler than the old belt and pulley reduction.

@smolboyi 2 года назад

Well made video, and very interesting!

@bad_spider 3 года назад

hats down, top grade quality video, so rare

@MajSolo Год назад

good to see that physics works all engineers experience the same when going down to nanometers no matter what kind of engineering they are doing and that is that solid material is moving ( slowly )

@crazygeorgelincoln 3 года назад

I've been having a go at marking crude lenses from polycarbonate , the tyre pattern got me thinking. I had previously seen brief footage of a lens factory circles on domes and lots of white liquid, Your explanation has helped me understand the process, I'm not willing to sacrifice my record player or washing machine , but I do have some granet and microwaveable casting rubber.

@DavidG2P 3 года назад

What a fascinating microscopic world lies behind these seemingly primitive (to the layman only, of course) machines!

@trex70 3 года назад

Very nice thank's for sharing

@sirknowitall123 2 года назад

this is absolutely fascinating thank you very much

@fearlessjoebanzai 2 года назад

I can't shake the feeling that I'm learning knowledge that I will never need to use!

@Bill.Pearson 2 года назад

Agreed. Like watching This Old Tony.

@rapsod1911 4 года назад

This is very interesting. I read somewhere that for lapping of silicium wafers they use some chemicals instead of abrasive particles. I can't imagine how precise they must polish wafers for 4nm technology.

@HuygensOptics 4 года назад

It's generally a combination of both. If you use a chemical that etches your surface while you are polishing, you can use a very mild (or soft) abrasive agent, which results in a smoother result. By the way, when you use Cerium Oxide to polish glass, chemical interaction also helps speed up the polishing process. For wafers the actual flatness is less important that the smoothness, since modern wafer steppers make a heigh map of the wafer to correct for the total thickness variation when clamping a wafer to the chuck. Modern technology wafers are indeed incredibly smooth and flat (from the dimension of individual components to that of the full chip)

@LasseMalmgren 3 года назад

Excellent video, thanks for sharing :)

@elischultes6587 3 года назад

This gave me a moment of connectivity to my Grandad. He ground rifle scope glass for a few years. Now that’s not flat but more of polishing

@AlohaRaceTeam 2 года назад

I work at Sydor in Engineering nice video man!

@ronyd...1310 Год назад

Excelente INFORMACION ... !!!

@tjejojyj 3 года назад

Excellent video. Thank you.

@spacecraftbuildingservices 3 года назад

Wow. Fascinating..thank you

@mitchellman4846 3 года назад

Very good to know, sure I’ll use this someday

@andreavergani7414 3 года назад

Great job sir

@poisonduckee 2 года назад

Great video.

@W1ldTangent 2 года назад

The algorithm sends me to strange places sometimes, but it sure can be a fascinating journey. Today I learned something I did not know yesterday, thanks.

@BigDaddy-yp4mi 2 года назад

Great explaining!

@stoneybologna1982 2 года назад

I'm an optical fiber telecommunications technician. We used to have to polish the end faces of our connectors when terminating them. 3 different ratings of polish paper and polishing in a " figure 8" motion. It was tedious. Faster speeds and the need for lower reflection at the connections has us using fusion splicing and factory terminated connections, now. No one misses " puck and polish" terminations.

@DANTHETUBEMAN 2 года назад

I'm lapping this video up!

@fakestory1753 2 года назад

This video made me happy.

@youcancallmeque 3 года назад

i have no idea why RU-vid recommend me this video. What more fascinating is i watched it until end, and still have no idea what is that.

@vladimirlevchenko1470 Год назад

Hi. Огромное спасибо за ваш вклад в образование !

@matter9 2 года назад

Excellent. Very happy I found your channel. Honestly, as a nerd in training, a good friday night for me includes such terms as nanometer and interferometry. Looking forward to your next video! Edit: trainings -> training