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How Was Fermat's Last Theorem Proved for Regular Primes? 

Math Visualized
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More on rings: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(m....
The detailed proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem for regular primes can be found in a very well-written article by Keith Conrad: kconrad.math.uconn.edu/blurbs....
...And another good source: www.math.columbia.edu/~ila/Kum....
The original approach by Lamé (which outlines an overall erroneous proof but nevertheless provides the valuable decomposition of the left side of the Fermat’s equation; in French): gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt....
...And English commentary to the article above: math.stackexchange.com/questi....
An interesting thread on (non-)unique factorization in cyclotomic rings of integers: math.stackexchange.com/questi....
Overview of progression on Fermat’s Last Theorem over time: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat'....
More on regular and irregular primes: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular....
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundame....

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1 июн 2024

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Комментарии : 86   
@eliyasne9695
@eliyasne9695 3 года назад
That was an amazing video! :D I'm so happy to have subscribed to you, i don't know how can one live their lives oblivious to such an elegant piece of math visualisation!
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
I don't know either :))
@user-me5vv9wh3u
@user-me5vv9wh3u 2 года назад
I have proved on 09/14/2016 the ONLY POSSIBLE proof of the Great Fermat's Theorem (Fermata!). I can pronounce the formula for the proof of Fermat's great theorem: 1 - Fermath's great theorem NEVER! and nobody! NOT! HAS BEEN PROVEN !!! and NEVER!!!! 2 - proven! THE ONLY POSSIBLE proof of Fermat's theorem 2A - Me opened : - EXIST THE ONLY POSSIBLE proof of Fermat's Great Theorem 3 - Fermat's great theorem is proved universally-proven for all numbers 4 - Fermat's great theorem is proven in the requirements of himself! Fermata 1637 y. 5 - Fermat's great theorem proved in 2 pages of a notebook 6 - Fermat's great theorem is proved in the apparatus of Diophantus arithmetic 7 - the proof of the great Fermat theorem, as well as the formulation, is easy for a student of the 5th grade of the school to understand !!! 8 - Me! opened the GREAT! Mystery! Fermat's theorem! (not "simple" - "mechanical" proof) !!!!- NO ONE! and NEVER! !!!Аt any university in the world I will give a lecture on how I discovered the secret Mystery! Fermat's theorems!
@user-me5vv9wh3u
@user-me5vv9wh3u 2 года назад
Fermat's Great Theorem 1637 - 2016 ! I have proved on 09/14/2016 the ONLY POSSIBLE proof of the Great Fermat's Last Theorem . I can pronounce the formula for the proof of Fermat's Great Theorem: 1 - Fermath's great theorem NEVER! and nobody! NOT! HAS BEEN PROVEN !!! 2 - proven! THE ONLY ONE!!! - POSSIBLE! proof of Fermat's last theorem !!! 3 - Fermat's Great Theorem is proved universally-proven for all numbers 4 - Fermat's Great Theorem is proven in the requirements of himself! Fermat 1637 y. 5 - Fermat's Great Theorem proved in 2 pages of a notebook 6 - Fermat's Great Theorem is proved in the apparatus of Diophantus arithmetic 7 - the proof of the great Fermat's last theorem, as well as the formulation, is easy for a student of the 5th grade of the school to understand !!! 8 - Me! opened the GREAT! A GREAT Mystery! Fermat's last theorem! (not "simple" - "mechanical" proof) Me opened : - EXIST THE ONLY ONE!!!-POSSIBLE proof of Fermat's Great Theorem Me! opened : - the GREAT! A GREAT Mystery! of the Fermat's Last theorem! (- !!! not "simple" - "mechanical" proof) Me! opened : - Pierre de Fermat - was proved! the Fermat's Last theorem! Me! opened : - my formula of my Proof is completely and absolutely identical with the words of Pierre de Fermat ! !!!!- NO ONE! and NEVER! (except ME! ...AND!... Pierre de Fermat!!!!!!! - of course!) and FOR NOTHING! NOT! will find a valid proof!
@maxsch.6555
@maxsch.6555 3 года назад
Your subscriber count will grow exponentially with this kind of quality. Keep it up! :)
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Thank you for kind words, Max. "Exponential" sounds good :)
@hamiltonianpathondodecahed5236
@hamiltonianpathondodecahed5236 3 года назад
tru dat
@liubin2004
@liubin2004 3 года назад
2:04, "Holds for n => holds for multiples of n"? This looks wrong. It should be the other way around, as shown on the following screen.
@willnewman9783
@willnewman9783 3 года назад
The definition of regular prime given in this video is very wrong. All p have Z[zeta p] with unique factorization of ideals. This is true in any ring of integers like Z[zeta p]. A prime is regular when p does not divide the order of the class group.
@justpassinthru8440
@justpassinthru8440 Год назад
Yeah I was really curious to see how he would define regular prime with only a few minutes left in the video. Both the definition involving the class number and the one involving the riemann zeta function are pretty unintuitive to people who haven't seen them before, and it's a little difficult to see what they have to do with flt being true for those primes.
@gamabuga
@gamabuga 3 года назад
man your videos are amazing... you bet soon enough your channel will explode with views
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Thank you, Lucas. There's only one way to check: to fast forward to the future. Or rather to slow forward, actually, 'coz that's how it appears to work.
@Koospa
@Koospa 3 года назад
Incredible video, super interesting and well explained, can't wait for more!
@strangledpuppy5844
@strangledpuppy5844 3 года назад
This video is great, I sincerely hope you will never feel like all that work you put in such videos was wasted
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Thank you, der wilde n00b. I can assure you that I don't feel that way :) And, as a matter of fact, reading the comment section, how can I feel otherwise. Thanks for your support!
@dcterr1
@dcterr1 Год назад
Very good video! I learned all this stuff in math grad school, but I really enjoyed your explanation, which was very clear as well as historically interesting. Good job!
@riadsouissi
@riadsouissi 3 года назад
Excellent video, please continue these series and if possible delve deeper into ideals and number theory
@eguineldo
@eguineldo 3 года назад
Absolutely amazing explanation, thank you so much for creating this!!
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Glad you find it helpful, Eguineldo.
@leothorp1
@leothorp1 2 года назад
Awesome video- one of the most accessible explanations I've seen. Love the music in it as well, where is it from?
@mattkerle81
@mattkerle81 3 года назад
Awesome video! I'll need to watch it through a few times to really understand it!
@NonTwinBrothers
@NonTwinBrothers 3 года назад
This is legit such a good explanation, how is there only 8,000 views?
@anything3003
@anything3003 3 года назад
Great work, keep up brother 👏
@fabianomenezes5892
@fabianomenezes5892 3 года назад
Such a well done video! Very nice
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Thank you, Fabiano. Glad you find it helpful.
@NoNTr1v1aL
@NoNTr1v1aL Год назад
Absolutely amazing video!
@theultimatereductionist7592
@theultimatereductionist7592 2 года назад
0:45 For all INTEGER n, of course. I believe (am very certain, but have not yet proved it) that for any positive real numbers x,y,z with x
@mahmoudalbahar1641
@mahmoudalbahar1641 Год назад
Many thanks to you, for making such great video.
@FreestateofOkondor
@FreestateofOkondor 3 года назад
I'm so glad I found your channel
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Well, I'm glad, too... Hope you continue to enjoy it with future videos.
@cezaryossowski433
@cezaryossowski433 3 года назад
Love your videos! Please keep it up!!! 😁
@sarahlamoureux1454
@sarahlamoureux1454 3 года назад
The nth cyclotomic polynomial is not t^n-1: it is the polynomial whose roots are exactly the primitive nth roots of unity, the nth roots that are not kth roots for any smaller k. For example, the 4th roots of unity are 1, i, -1, and -i, but 1 and -1 are also 2nd roots of unity. Only i and -i are primitive 4th roots, so the 4th cyclotomic polynomial is (t-i)(t+i)=t^2+1.
@TheJara123
@TheJara123 3 года назад
Top notch presentation..both videos...please post more videos like these on abstract algebra and other pure math...and I will make a video about your channel...
@xCorvus7x
@xCorvus7x 3 года назад
Great video (though, what about that comment pointing out a faulty definition?). Will you also make a video about the rest of Fermat's Last Theorem?
@damondanieli8964
@damondanieli8964 3 года назад
I love the music in the background!
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Strangely enough, that part always takes a while. The final selection was the result of multiple iterations. But I'm glad it worked out!
@tanchienhao
@tanchienhao Год назад
awesome video! what animation software do u use? also, do you have a patreon?
@tauceti8341
@tauceti8341 3 года назад
This made me get stoked to hit up my abstract algebra books again
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
A-ha! Not an entirely bad idea to occasionally do it, is it?
@anshulshah
@anshulshah 3 года назад
Amazing!!!
@NicolasMiari
@NicolasMiari 3 года назад
I believe the cyclotomic polynomial is (in the case of p prime exponent) only what you get after dividing by (t-1); i.e. the polynomial whose roots are the PRIMITIVE roots of unity of order p (1 excluded).
@Mrpallekuling
@Mrpallekuling 8 месяцев назад
Yes
@theultimatereductionist7592
@theultimatereductionist7592 2 года назад
In 1986 I took Harold M Edwards' book "Fermat's Last Theorem: A Genetic Introduction to Algebraic Number Theory". I practiced and practiced, tried and tried, to read and do the homework exercises in it. Just couldn't. I needed a guide. I still do. When I applied to graduate school in math, I gave "hoping to solve FLT" as my goal/motivation. How naive and ignorant I was of higher math, especially since I was not an undergraduate math major, but an undergraduate chemical engineering major. But, I soon changed my focus/interests in graduate school away from FLT to differential algebra and the study of finding exact solutions to nonlinear DEs, which I believed, and still do, is an infinitely more practical & important problem.
@brendannell2193
@brendannell2193 2 года назад
Most mathematicians do not study math for its practicality! Glad you found your interest though!
@mrhatman675
@mrhatman675 11 месяцев назад
Let me ask you if you like abstruct math so much WHY CHOOSE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
@punditgi
@punditgi 3 года назад
Brilliant! 👌
@drewmichael3986
@drewmichael3986 3 года назад
at around 9:10, to get that expansion, shouldn't you multiply by (1-ζ^3)?
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Drew, good catch. There is an error but it goes the other way: the multiplier is fine, it's the expansion that is inaccurate. Should be 1 + ζ + ζ^2 - ζ - ζ^2 - ζ^3. The good news: it still equals zero. Thank you for bringing this up.
@BuleriaChk
@BuleriaChk Месяц назад
Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for Village Idiots (works for the case of n=2 as well) To show: c^n a^n + b^n for all natural numbers, a,b,c,n, n >1 c = a + b c^n = (a + b)^n = [a^n + b^n] + f(a,b,n) Binomial Expansion c^n = [a^n + b^n] iff f(a,b,n) = 0 f(a,b,n) 0 c^n [a^n + b^n] QED (Wiles' proof) used modular functions defined on the upper half of the complex plane. c = a + ib c* - a - ib cc* = a^2 + b^2 #^2 But #^2 = [cc*] +[2ab] = [a^2 + b^2] + [2ab] so complex numbers are irrelevant. Note: there are no positive numbers: - c = a-b, b>a iff b-c = a, a + 0 = a, a-a=0, a+a =2a Every number is prime relative to its own base: n = n(n/n), n + n = 2n (Goldbach) 1^2 1 (Russell's Paradox) In particular the group operation of multiplication requires the existence of both elements as a precondition, meaning there is no such multiplication as a group operation) (Clifford Algebras are much ado about nothing) Remember, you read it here first)
@nnsnumbersandnotesunlimite7368
@nnsnumbersandnotesunlimite7368 2 года назад
More on solutions enumeration for Diophantine or Fermat like equations : ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-6rjoO4K_XuI.html
@jackw7714
@jackw7714 3 года назад
My recollection is that when Kummer invented ideals they weren't sets - they were more like extra "idealised" numbers that were added to the ring in order to force unique factorisation I have a book on it somewhere, alas I can't get my hands back on it due to the pandemic. I seem to remember it was better motivated though way harder to understand than the usual set treatment
@Mrpallekuling
@Mrpallekuling 8 месяцев назад
Yes, it was Kummer in the 1840s. It's described in detail in Harold Edwards: Fermat's Last Theorem.
@abhisheksinghsolanki3750
@abhisheksinghsolanki3750 Год назад
Can you tell me what is the name of the font used in the video?
@namesurname1040
@namesurname1040 2 года назад
I loved yoyr video but I didnt ubderstand in 5:48 as t^p is (-x/y)^p and we multiply both sides with y^p how we get the result in the next slide.Thank yoy very much for yoyr time
@omargaber3122
@omargaber3122 2 года назад
it is amazing,it so wonderfull
@aboodahmad8236
@aboodahmad8236 3 года назад
Perfect 😍 I have question... Are there more general therom.... For example: (a^n)+(b^n)...(z^n)=(z(2)^n)
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Abood, curiosity matters, doesn't it?! Actually, if you increase the number of variables on the left, you instantly lose insolubility. So, for instance, 3^3 + 4^3 + 5^3 = 6^3. And there's clearly an infinite number of solutions for such equations. At the intuitive level you can say that adding another variable grants additional degree of freedom and makes it easier to satisfy the equation.
@poirotpotiron6307
@poirotpotiron6307 3 года назад
That was dope !
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Thank you, poirot Potiron.
@pratik_shrestha
@pratik_shrestha 3 года назад
Man, this is dope.
@ferivertid
@ferivertid 3 года назад
beautiful!
@morkovija
@morkovija 3 года назад
I thought I had it in the first half, not gonna lie..
@yuda49
@yuda49 3 года назад
the fuii proof in my books Yehuda Bitton's Equations 1 Yehuda Bitton's Equations 2 in Amazon
@mueezadam8438
@mueezadam8438 3 года назад
LET’S GOOOOOO
@thomassynths
@thomassynths 3 года назад
HYYYYPEEEEE!!!!
@mueezadam8438
@mueezadam8438 3 года назад
@@thomassynths we need to get hype culture going for math 👏👏👏
@askelsjobom2089
@askelsjobom2089 3 года назад
Now animate the general case using eliptic curves and nonmodularity :'^)
@goodplacetostart9099
@goodplacetostart9099 3 года назад
When you were searching for some random shit and then get this diamond mine make it yours subscribe the channel
@mathvisualized355
@mathvisualized355 3 года назад
Thank you, sumakit. More is coming...
@DSN.001
@DSN.001 3 года назад
Yes this is explanation but what is the answer
@funkenjoyer
@funkenjoyer 3 года назад
gr8 video, but i would suggest using some darker background, full white is hitting the eyes pretty hard :P
@damondanieli8964
@damondanieli8964 3 года назад
Turn down brightness kekw
@gilberttheisen9270
@gilberttheisen9270 9 месяцев назад
14/8/2023. Consulter d'autres sites où je développe la solution ""FACILE"" du dernier théorème de FERMAT, ne voulant pas me répéter sans cesse de sites en sites.
@doodelay
@doodelay 2 года назад
holy balls this is nice!
@IntegralKing
@IntegralKing 3 года назад
Math Visualized crammed 129 pages into 16 minutes
@chrissquarefan86
@chrissquarefan86 Год назад
2:20 you assumed that the Fermat hypothesis does not hold for m and then chose x, y, z that satisfy exactly that hypothesis. This is incorrect and it's not a proof that it holds for multiples of n
@chrissquarefan86
@chrissquarefan86 Год назад
To clarify, I think what you meant to prove is that if it holds for n then it also holds for any divisor d of n = d * a simply by choosing x^a, y^a and z^a as solutions for value d.
@haopham5917
@haopham5917 2 года назад
A^N +D.Y^n=X^n
@yowut8075
@yowut8075 2 года назад
What
@user-me5vv9wh3u
@user-me5vv9wh3u 2 года назад
Fermat's Great Theorem 1637 - 2016 ! I have proved on 09/14/2016 the ONLY POSSIBLE proof of the Great Fermat's Last Theorem . I can pronounce the formula for the proof of Fermat's Great Theorem: 1 - Fermath's great theorem NEVER! and nobody! NOT! HAS BEEN PROVEN !!! 2 - proven! THE ONLY ONE!!! - POSSIBLE! proof of Fermat's last theorem !!! 3 - Fermat's Great Theorem is proved universally-proven for all numbers 4 - Fermat's Great Theorem is proven in the requirements of himself! Fermat 1637 y. 5 - Fermat's Great Theorem proved in 2 pages of a notebook 6 - Fermat's Great Theorem is proved in the apparatus of Diophantus arithmetic 7 - the proof of the great Fermat's last theorem, as well as the formulation, is easy for a student of the 5th grade of the school to understand !!! 8 - Me! opened the GREAT! A GREAT Mystery! Fermat's last theorem! (not "simple" - "mechanical" proof) Me opened : - EXIST THE ONLY ONE!!!-POSSIBLE proof of Fermat's Great Theorem Me! opened : - the GREAT! A GREAT Mystery! of the Fermat's Last theorem! (- !!! not "simple" - "mechanical" proof) Me! opened : - Pierre de Fermat - was proved! the Fermat's Last theorem! Me! opened : - my formula of my Proof is completely and absolutely identical with the words of Pierre de Fermat ! !!!!- NO ONE! and NEVER! (except ME! ...AND!... Pierre de Fermat! - of course!) and FOR NOTHING! NOT! will find a valid proof!
@uggupuggu
@uggupuggu Год назад
8:42 How is this useful if 1-zeta is not an integer?
@teamaster592
@teamaster592 3 года назад
Amazing !
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