I'm 62 with $1.7 million in 401k & IRA. How do I pay less taxes in retirement on my IRA? 

Once or multiple times, it becomes part of your annual taxable income.

Yup, keep on working until you reach $40 million.

You're paying interest on borrowed money you used to pay taxes on a roth conversion? Are you expecting significantly higher tax rates or income in retirement that makes you want to convert so aggressively now? I'm not an expert, I'm just struggling to understand the benefit to such an approach. Congrats on the nest egg!

@@winstonmiller4854 I pulled $250,000 out of my house, via a cash-out refinance, in 2019. My new mortgage interest rate is 3.75%, which of course is tax deductible. This $250,000 was used to pay off 0% interest rate credit cards, living expenses, tax on Roth conversions and I invested some. I got lucky and bought stock on 3/23/20, at the bottom of the crash. So, 'yes', I'm paying interest on the $250,000. My Roth conversions are being done over an 11 year time period (2015 to 2025). Roth conversions are 'worth it' if the tax rate avoided on future Roth withdrawals is higher than the tax rate paid on said conversions. My average tax rate paid on conversions is 13% and my avoided tax rate on Roth withdrawals will be an estimated 45% (28.7% federal, 3.9% IRMAA, 9.7% CA state income tax, 1.4% NIIT & 1.3% for 0% capital gains tax rate from my Taxable account). My conversions are done in TX, with 0% state income tax. I'm assuming the Trump tax rates will expire on 12/31/25. My estimated avoided taxes on Roth withdrawals is $2,314,244, from age 65 to 95. My estimated future cost (2026) of my Roth conversions is $218,834 and my current value (2026) of my future tax savings on Roth withdrawals is $766,720. For a net gain (as of 2026) of $547,886. Thus, it's like somebody showing up at my door with a suitcase full of cash totaling $547,886 (tax free). Moral of the story: Roth conversions can be very advantageous. Being in a no state income tax state (TX) during my conversions and in a high state income tax state (CA), during my Roth withdrawals is very helpful to my numbers. Using my cash-out money and an inheritance for living expenses allowed me to convert at a low tax rate, since my taxable income was low. Hope that helps. p.s. paying interest on borrowed money to pay my taxes on Roth conversions is well worth it. I plan to do three more cash-out refinance mortgages, hopefully when there are stock crashes, so that I don't have to sell stock at a low price. If I live past 95, then I'll do a reverse mortgage, thus, I won't get thrown out of my house.