Is it Possible to Revive a Dead Battery with Epsom Salt - See For Yourself 

I watched your video, as well as, several others and then finally decided to "take the plunge". I bought and restored a 38 year old bass boat. It had a deep cycle battery in it for the trolling motor. I really don't know how old the battery is but it was completely dead. Charging it overnight did almost nothing for it. I followed your instructions and then brought it up to over 12 volts after an overnight charge. (Then I got sidelined for almost 3 months following knee infection and surgery. The battery just sat for that time period.) I put it on the charger for a few hours last week then took my boat out to the river. The battery performed without any problems. I was on the water for several hours. Price to repair; less than $10. Price for a new battery; over $90. Thanks my man. You saved me a bunch!

I really love this channel. Well done for actually showing the progress with a CCA gauge instead of just battery voltage! I just wish we could have seen the results of simply trying to charge the battery before going through this process. I have a feeling that this battery was in pretty good shape to begin with and only needed a full charge to start working properly.

I was informed that you have to drain and recharge the battery at least 5 times. Each time you drain and charge it it will hold a little more amperage, but yes it absolutely can be done. I am currently in the process of reviving a 75 amp hour deep cycle marine battery that my father used to use for his trolling motor. After just 1 charge/discharge cycle it is holding steady at 9.5 volts. I know that it doesn't seem like a big deal, but after just sitting in a shed for almost 10 years and not registering at all on my multimeter a week ago it is monumental in this case.

Great effort without people like you to act out the experiments we as a people would have no idea where to begin....thank you for your time on this....

Some of the videos I watched where folks did this they put the used acid back in using a turkey type baster so as not to dump the metals that fell out of the solution to the bottom of their bucket. They only used the Epsom salts to clean out the inside, rinsed, and put the acid back in and it worked for them. I think they claimed this cleaned the sulfated plates inside to allow the acid to make better contact with them.

lol....i like this review whether it was a failure or not ,this guy demonstration was cool and honest with some humor as well

Wow! I Tried this just yestarday on a dead battery i had and it doesn't worth buying new batteries anymore. Mine was working like brand new. Thanks!

Awesome job explaining the measurements and procedure with amperage on the charger. Most other videos just simply stated so pour some epsom salt over in a boiling pot and dump it in the battery then slap a charger on it and hat presto it’s fixed. Thank you for actually explaining it thoroughly!

Tried & true...thanks for showing the amperage. Good solid review!

This method might a actually restore a battery under some circumstances, but as a general rule, the most common reasons for battery failure would not be helped here. I used to work in an automotive battery manufacturing plant. While there I met a man who had actually tried to start a business which identified junk batteries that could be reconditioned for resale. (Junk batteries are the used batteries that shops take in from consumers, which are usually sent to a lead smelter to recover the lead.) The business failed, because only a small percentage of batteries could be reconditioned, and even the ones that could be reconditioned frequently failed again within too short a time to make them worth paying money for. And he tried this back when our roads in the US were generally in much better condition. Roads? Yeah, one of the most vulnerable parts lead acid batteries is the inter-cell connections. On a typical 12 volt automotive battery there are five inter-cell connections. If just one of these connections becomes damaged, the battery will fail. A battery that bounces around a lot on bad roads is much more likely to have this type of problem. Since most batteries these days are assembled via automation which requires higher molten lead temperatures, the lead takes on a crystalline structure which is more easily broken over time. If your battery is what we used to call an 'oddball' battery -- a battery type that is kind of rare -- then it's more likely that that battery was made by the hand method, which produces much better inter-cell connections. Road vibration can also cause the separator material between the plates in the battery to get worn causing shorts. The hallmark of a cheaply made battery is cheap paper-like separator material. Really high quality industrial batteries encase cells in envelopes of high quality separator material, but since this tends to make each cell a lot bigger, you rarely see this on automotive batteries. Most of the time manufacturers put better quality separator material in the batteries with longer warranties. In summary, automotive batteries simply are not engineered to last indefinitely, and in the greater scheme of things, they are not all that expensive to replace when needed. Sure, if you've got the time and inclination, you might put off the inevitable for a time, but even though batteries don't have moving parts, they eventually just wear out. Personally, a know a whole lot more about batteries from both the chemical, engineering and manufacturing standpoint, but when my battery starts to go bad, I just replace it. If it's still under warranty, fine. If not, I know that it was never engineered to work indefinitely.

This is the perfect guide to a proper test. I'm using an old battery to run a laptop on a power inverter and this video shows exactly how to make something from my old car battery!

This is a good video. Just like a chemist doing an experiment. You show the methods and the results. The comments point out all the other issues. The tube is cool. You can learn a lot, what works, what doesn't, why it works, why it doesn't, how to do it better, basic chemistry, electricity, how to use a load tester, etc. Whoever watches these how to videos should always read the comments for max learning and potential dangers. I have a q. When you sand the terminal, does this release lead? Are they made of lead?

Your video got over 800 comments, you are doing something right. Very informative. Some of the comments missed your point. You asked a question and then answered it. period. Thanks.

Good test! Thanks for including all of the fail points so that we can see what actually happens.

Great video! Underlying still have a lot of electricity physics but good thing is the presenter made it simple and clear.

Very good Step by step video. Best yet I’ve seen. Great job.

One of the problems with "quick fixes" like this for batteries is that people often just measure the voltage once, not the capacity over time with a load. Holding 12.6v is useless if that drops quickly under load. Your current test goes *some* way to explore this.

Very well done video and an honest take on the results. Not a lot of unnecessary show business just a lot of facts about what you were experimenting with.

Thanks for the time, effort and production of this vid.

This is very informative, well shown, and interesting procedure!. Thank you for the information, and show of results. Not a miracle by any means, but if one needs to try without spending a lot of money to purchase a new one, that can.. may not, but can help.

This battery reconditioning program exceeded my presumptions. It worked on any drill battery, several AA and AAA batteries batery.repair and any camera battery. The steps are simple and the act itself is exciting to do. No matter what type of battery you`ve got, it is sure to function again!

Thanks for the video. At 2:53 You only need to fill the battery to the top of the plates, any more water/salts will rise up and may over flow.

I live in an area with wilderness and potentially bumpy dirt roads. Went with a gel cell heavy duty - very satisfied.

I operated in the nickel plating department where I work and the one key ingredient for conductivity in the plating tank is sulfuric acid. Not enough acid results in poor transfer of nickel to the part being plated. To much acid creates a crapy finish. In this case the epsom salt is a cleaning agent and needs to be dumped out and the battery filled with sulfuric acid to a specific gravity. This can be checked with a battery hydrometer. If your careful you could filter the old battery acid. If you choose not to reuse the old battery acid I would recommend to neutralize it with baking soda.

Love this trick. Going to try it myself soon with some that I have sitting around. Thanks for the video.

Great video !!!! Love it...please make another on this...AWSOM!!!!!!!

My dad always said never set a battery on the ground or concrete always set it on wood, plastic, or rubber ! The ground or concrete,rock ,stone draw the battery down and if let set on too long will permanently ruin it at least that’s what he always said I noticed working on cars every body always said the same thing . Jusr wondered if any one else knows about this ?

I have to take your word about the process and chemistry, but I see you achieved something that is useful and odds are there are a number of people out here that will try some form of this and save $$ while actually recycling!!! I believe the battery voltage might have been higher in the end, if the last charge was much higher, at least 10A. Battery charger designs vary widely, but when using trickle charge or 2A charge, the simplest chargers don't tend to raise the voltage of the charged battery as high as a 10A charge or more will. There are numerous variables that can cause lower voltage, but if you haven't tried higher charge settings, your not being realistic about expectations. It is a energy storage device and you will not be getting more out of it than you put into it. For me, I consider the basic numbers in involved (IE: 2 amps X 24hrs = 48 amps ---> into the battery ) what percentage of your batteries advertised capacity in amps is this? If my battery was say a 500 amp and less than approximately 11V (start voltage level), with the 2A charge for 24 hours, the battery has only received

1st No disrespect meant RnW .... A lead acid battery - or pile it used to be called has a limited amount of charge/discharge cycles for a few reasons. A long life lead/acid battery has 2 things about it's construction that give it a longer cycle time. 1 It has thicker plates. 2 It has a longer distance between the bottom of the plates and the bottom of the electrolyte reservoir. The action of a lead/acid battery is sacrificial, Lead migrates from the positive plates to the negative plates in the form of lead sulfate - which is conductive. Over time, Lead sulfate attracts to the negative plates coating them in lead sulfate. Causing decreasing current capability and voltage loss at full charge. Also, since lead sulfate is conductive it will in time cause a high resistance short circuit between plates - OR from below the plates as some of the lead sulfate does not adhere to the negative plates, and falls to the bottom of the acid reservoir. In time causing an electrical short. It is the chemical reaction between lead and acid causing the very electrical voltage to be produced that is used for electrical power. The combination of plate thickness, Amount of plates in each cell, Spacing between cells, And distance from the bottom of the acid reservoir. Determine current capability and service lifetime, There is no magic just chemistry. Having said all that crap,Yes you clean the sulfate and get some more service from the battery - to a point. Current and voltage will be reduced, sometimes dramatically. But it will take and hold a charge. How much of a charge depends upon the remaining thickness of the plates - Period New acid and water electrolyte solution will only be as good as the thickness remaining in the plates themselves. It's not magic it's pure chemistry. The magic battery additive you just pour in and it's like new - is pure snake oil simple as that. You don't get something for nothing - no matter what it is Animal chemical vegetable or mineral.

Good one. Some folks I believe actually left some good comments. Thank you

Hello , i had a 12v 4a that drained when it charged , had a resitance of 7ohms and had NO acid in it . I recovered it by putting rain water and charging it on a solar panel . Works fine now.

Very interesting and well explained. Just a thought, i think if you would have rinse the baking soda a little bit more tus would have been perfectly back to almost new. A little residue of baking soda would neutralize some of the new fluid. Just my two cents. Great video

I thought I'd add a little something. Back in the day, I worked in a full service gas station and we did tires, batteries and accessories as well as oil and filter changes. Until GM developed the side terminal batteries, they all had posts on top. The tools we had to pick up batteries were mostly designed to hoist and lower the battery by its posts. I was concerned about the load stress on the posts causing damage. Some cars' engine compartments were so tight that you just about had to drop the battery a few inches into the tray. I didn't like dropping them so I made a sling that allowed me to lower the battery into place then tip it a bit to slide the straps out. I'm of the opinion that not many guys cared about handling batteries gently and that a lot of them got dropped on concrete. The local car guy on the radio recently said that the major factor in shortening battery life is vibration. I think rough handling is also a factor. They all ride in trucks and maybe trains before arriving at the retailer. Our batteries were shipped dry and only had the acid filled at the time of purchase. The only ones I see like that now are motorcycle batteries. And not even all of them.

If you're going to use this method, be sure to flush the soda water from the battery 3 to 4 times with clean water shaking well each time to remove the lead sulfate debris and so that any residue from the soda does not neutralize the addition of the acid. You're probably going to have degraded plates in the cells so don't expect long life from a battery that is "reconditioned" by this method. What we need is a good (really good) youtube instructable on how to use an existing battery case and fabricate the plates and separators ourselves, add the acid and water instead of trying to short circuit (no pun) the process of buying a new battery or trying to revive one that already dead. It could be done by some really crafty person who knows what he's/she's doing, I think.

I didn't know about the epson salt, but did know about the other ingredients and saving the battery acid to put back into the battery. That is a nice video though and I have to try that on some batteries I have which is bad.

It's these types of videos that save people a LOT of time and effort. Great video! Ok it didn't work but you tried. So we all now know!

Thanks a lot for great and valuable video, I learned a lot. Wish all the best and God Bless. Mike

After adding Epsom salt you need to do an equalizing charge for at lease three days or more depinding how bad the sulfation is this will remove the sulfation giving you more plate surface area and adding cranking amps then it is wise to remove all the liquid and put the proper mix of sulfuric acid and water distilled water. I'm not 100% sure if removing the liquid and adding the proper mix of sulfuric acid and water will help in the long run but I do know that adding Epsom salt does remove sulfation but requires a lot of overcharging I'm in the process of fixing a battery now if you would like to see a video on that they will like it would be my first good video

You always have helpful videos, thank you, so very much.

I will try too, your video is excellent. Thank you. I don't have money for new battery and I needed It as air.

That was very informative I'm a technician I've been working on all mobiles for about 20 years I'm actually a aircraft technician I've never seen anything like this in course I wouldn't try an airplane I'd be concerned about it getting hot and blowing up in a car but still very very informative thank you very much I can see where cleaning it with the baking soda quite often the plates battery gets where they're touching each other with debris and the baking soda would clean this debris out and there's possibility that could fix it I don't understand why you wouldn't put battery acid back in it rather than Epsom salt

I've never heard of cleaning the inside of the battery with baking soda. The baking soda is a base. Great for cleaning scummy corroded terminals. I guess I could see trying to clean with the baking soda, then flushing the cells out with lots of water, THEN adding your Epsom salts and charging. My concern is leaving any baking soda behind inside would work to neutralize the reaction you are trying to create.

Awesome tip. Thank you

Very good presentation. Thanks much!

The other guy on RU-vid that worked outside in 20 degrees did what you did but instead of using Buddy Epson Salts used a solution of 8 ounces of Alum put in a gallon jug with regular or distilled water. Alum is used for pickling if you are looking where to purchase it....His results worked..My question : How long will the solution of Alum and water function as the electrolite ? Also , why not put fresh battery acid sold at places like NAPA when you do the Baking Soda flush out ?

Thank you for this very useful information. I'm off-road with my Hummer H3 from September to June in Southern Nevada and I carry 2 batteries & a 12 volt BU (jumper) unit. I use that to power my GPS & Dash cams. This old man will simply buy a new Interstate battery as needed. Thanks again :|

Take great care. The acid in these batteries is very caustic. Where protective clothing and have a full bucket of alkaline buffer solution ready made and close to you

nice experiment, next time after cleaning with baking soda try putting something acidic in instead of salty water. Lemon juice or some thing close to the original acid. maybe vinager

I think you have to put sulfuric acid back in I strained mine through an old t shirt and add 80,% water 20% acid back in the battery works like a new one now

👍thanks from Ontario Canada

Good effort! Learning heaps even comments given are really helpful. I do believe even 75% conditioned batteries has useful self life in many applications. I hav one as 2nd battery to run my electronics I E. Taxi equipment/ camera and re charge off a fused relay while engine is running. Relay stop feedloop parasitic current draw and isolate starter battery. Second, use old batteries to run low voltage water, air bunker pumps, leds, for aquariums. Add mppt/ solar to top up charge during day as well. Many other uses if you think about it. Sure beat dumping 'still usable' batteries to landfill.

Nice video, i used to search on Rapid Renew Report to find problem solution for my batteries.

Thanks for being transparent, most people say it will work 100% but actually, it will not for all batteries.

Hi mate love your videos!. I’m just wondering though what sort of battery charger you use because most new chargers won’t let you over charge them! So I’m needing to find one that will still allow overcharging to occur. Thanks so much for your time and help

he made a good video explained it well and naturally all the experts have different methods

You have a great program and have learned some new tricks as well. Have to agree with David Hammond as he is correct. You are creating a circuit on ground with it on the cement. Believe me, if you were to use a block of wood or the bench you will see a difference. (Know this from years of experience and failure) Thank you very much for your time.

I heard that putting it on a high boost charge at the beginning helps to know loose the buildup on the plates before you begin the slow charge process.

OP, you are only half way done with restoring the battery... Epsom Salt is MgSO4 and the reason you add it to the battery is to have it react with lead sulphate PbSO4 to dissolve the lead sulphate and end up with MgSO4 which is soluble in water. Then you drain the resulting liquid and add the sulphuric acid back in. The goal is to have lead and lead-oxide plates with dilute sulphuric acid between them. Epsom salt is a cleaning fluid, not a working fluid.

Best presentation yet. Very thorough and content.

in the past, I bought a product called 'New Life for Batteries' that claimed to wash the sulfate build up off the plates so they could, once again, hold a charge. You put one tea spoon in each cell. I would then put the battery on the washing machine and wash 4 or 5 loads of wash to agitate the solution. Or, I would put the battery in my delivery truck and run my route for 10 hours. Then my batteries would hold a charge again. I don't know what was in the product, but it was a white, granular powder. This product was popular with boaters because sulfates build up on the battery plates when they are not fully charged. Boat batteries and deep cycle batteries often sit around for weeks with only a partial charge. After the sulfates build up, a charger would not bring them back up to 100% charged. After using the 'New Life for Batteries' they would hold a full charge. The product was about $14 and saved me hundreds. I think that allowing the extra hours of agitation of the solution may be a key difference in the results I got. I didn't have to drain out the battery acid either.

great effort either way, I love to experiment just to see what results could occur.. many things are created by 'accident' : ) God Bless !!!

That was very awesome and I'm gonna try it. Maybe clean it twice because that one was very dirty. Thank you

Step by step practically to revive a dead battry good job sir

I love your sincerity

Yes batteries are not effected by the floor or anything its sitting on. A 12 volt battery has 2.2 volts per cell, using a hydrometer to test each cell. I have used a desulfation charger for years and have been able to restore batteries to proper voltage. Getting them to the cranking amps is a issue. I have owned a Automotive repair center for over 25 years and been in the industry for over 40 years. I have a 1960s battery charger that will activate a dead battery that will not charge on a newer style charger. There is other ways to do this but its not the safest thing to do so I will not mention it. Some old school technicians will know what I am talking about. Years ago battery were sold as dry cell and acid had to be added. I was always amazed how the chemical reaction occurred! You really need to be carful with lead acid battery as I has seen them explode from over charger or the plates laying on each other. Just my two cents from a ole man

Hi friend I did it and it's working fine with Epsom salt now Iam in the 3rd week and car starting nicely

A very honest and cool Video! thanks

This would probably work worse or completely kill the battery if you did this on a semi dead battery at 9 volts. The reason being is lead acid chemistry. A fully charged battery has a sulfuric acid electrolyte a lead dioxide cathode and a lead anode. As the battery becomes discharged both the anode and cathode become lead sulfate and the electrolyte becomes almost pure water. The battery in the video was pretty close to completely reacted (dead) so therefore the electrolyte that you dumped out was almost all water with debris and residual acid. When you filled up the cells with magnesium sulfate and distilled water you increased the conductivity of the solution. Then when you charged the battery the sulfate ions liberate from the lead sulfate plates and you actually produce sulfuric acid pure lead and lead dioxide. The reason why this would work worse on a half dead battery is because you will be dumping out sulfuric acid electrolyte that is only half reacted not pure water. When the reaction reverses as you charge it there would not be enough sulfate on the plates to restore the acidity of the original solution.

Hey Man, it was really nice of you to share your experiment on RU-vid, looks like it took 3-4 days for completion and all the people on here seem to whine about it. I'm just writing to say Thank you.

wow i will tryit when i need it

thank you for your time showing this dead battery

Thankyou for the test man I appreciate it alot

Thanks for the video, I'm surprised that you got any charge at all with an Epsom salt electrolyte, I guess it is still conductive, I wonder if a lead KOH battery would produce better amperage, anyway the idea behind the baking soda is to neutralize any residual acid and then rinse it out with distilled water and replace that with Epsom salt to "melt" the crystallized sulfate or at the very least reduce it into a soluble liquid, that would be the purpose behind cycling a charge across the plates, I am very surprised that you got 2.1 volts per cell! I was expecting around 1.2 like a AA battery due to the alkalinity. I think I would do another rinse/fill/charge cycle and then rinse again and add acid. I am going to try this in the next couple of days with my deep cell trojan batteries and see how it works!

I did this with a diehard and it did work very good for almost 2 years -- -- But I cleaned it using the first step twice and flushed it twice - it really works .

Thnx for your video, man. I liked it.

Thank you sir I will try this.

going have to replace the acid as well.

I just did a 2003 12 volt car battery. It was in my pickup that got used very little. It had gotten where it would only charge to 12.2 volts and struggle to crank the truck. Was not sure if it was the battery or the starter. I cleaned it out with baking soda, flushed it with water about 15 times, then flushed it with distilled water 3 times. Leads inside battery were almost clean. Went and got fresh battery acid at the auto parts store. Installed new acid, put on charger, had 11.6 Volts in it before turning charger on at a 2amp charge at the end of 5 hour charge it read 13.4 volts, let set overnight. put load tester on it, it read 600amps, the battery was a 700amp battery, put it in the truck, cranked truck without any struggle. That's been about 2 weeks ago and I have gone out every cold morning and it cranked each time. I did not use the Epson salt, but used the baking soda an flushing sure cleaned it up. The cost of the battery acid was $17.00 for 6 quarts. Now I have 3 more batteries to try it on. Thanks for everyone that has showed how to use baking soda to clean out a car battery.

I enjoyed the video but after reading all the comments I am totally confused but I'm in agreement that desulfated MUST be done to be really successful. Also leaving the battery on a cement floor will discharge the battery after all the good work done to revive it.

Tha k you for trying and showing us success and failure!

Wow! Comments suck. Wonder if people actually talk like that in real life...if they do, the world is in trouble! Great vid. Thanks for doing the experiment for me. I've got a couple of old batteries and I've tried several of the "shocking/pulse charging" tricks to disulfonate with no luck. Heard epson salts were the way to go, but good science says the same thing as what you discovered...only works if your plates aren't sulfonated. Thanks for the info. Great vids ya got! Keep it up!

I'm not sure why so many of us find lead acid batteries so interesting. They are probably one of the oldest pieces of technology that we still use, heavy, dangerous , but capable of storing a lot of electricity and the perfect fit for starting cars and immediately recharged.

Thanks for your efforts and the video.❤

nice simple and down to the point video.....cool

Good video - Doesn't seem worth the time to do this unless you are really cash strapped or in a pinch. Thanks for showing everyone this experiment. You and Scotty Kilmer will always be my E-Mechanics!!

Did you wash out the baking soda completely with clean water two or more times before adding an acid?

Perfect Answer.... Maybe. Well done, man, thanks.

All nice and fancy execpt most of the time when a car battery suddenly dies before it's time is because of a physical problem inside the battery casing such as cracked plates, broken welds and openings in the circuitry.

I may have missed something but you left the epsom salt solution in the battery? You should have electrolyte 35%H2so4 and distilled water. You would of been better off using the original electrolyte or going to auto store and buying a bottle.

Load tester is faulty reading less then 12v when meter is reading 12.6v , load tester needle needs calabrated

good video you help me answer a question . thanks

Okay when some electrodes making contact and desperate add thin oil like turpentine and some motor oil... It will temporarily insulate shorted parts and it can than still hold a charge... Should be possible to reload to a lower voltage... When moved the oil and acid mix and isolation gone... Works in extreme cases... One way solution though... Make Shure shorted parts are covered by oil... Usually parts not covered by destined water short out at the top and bend toward one another despite them touching this seems to work if only a couple of cells ( beginning and end shorted you lose one cell but still can use the other not shorted cells ) Be careful tends to form a soapy kind of thing after a while... Moving it inside a car mixes things and than it cannot be used anymore... Did this on a shorted out stable battery used for powering a radio... Worked !!! Needed reloading but did hold power... Do not know how many amps can be drawn at max ???

I've got a few relatively new RV deep cycle batteries that already failing me. I mean less than a year old. How about just topping them off with distilled water/epsom salt solution? Since they're pretty new, it should be fairly clean wouldn't you agree? Sound like a good idea? Thanks for awesome info by the way! Good Survival skills for future!

Wow its now officially an Alkaline rechargeable battery!!

That harbor freight charger will show red light on full charge battery. If you flip the switch from 2 amp to higher it will change to green. I have an exact charger and it does the red on full charge. Not everytime but most. As for the 12 volt battery and fluid change thing as you have done, I have done these things and found it best to just replace the battery lol. I love bringing dead things back but its not fun finding out 2 or 3 days later that you still have a dead battery in the car. 12 volt batteries are cheap enough to just buy, replace and recycle!

The baking soda idea was brilliant, I did it and bought actual battery acid instead of the salt, and it worked like new(almost). cost me around 20$ total. Wish there was a way to revive all sorts of batteries, would save me a small fortune.

almost forget to tell you that by converting the lead acid chemistry to a alkaline based you DO LOSE the raw cranking amp power of a starter batterie a bit, i would gess say 60 percent less CCA but for solar use ( mostly lichting, television, radio) this is a good thing since the battery wil last seamingly forever....

I don't know whether or not this method works, but if you try it be SURE to wear good safety goggles! Splash acid on your bare arms and it will heal OK, maybe leave you with bragging rights for a nice scar, but if you get it in your eyes, you may be waiting for a cornea transplant before you can see again. Have fun, play safe.

Some people may say it's not possible to make a living collecting dead batteries and trying to recondition them...well there are several businesses where I live that sell used car batteries and I think they use the Epsom salt method because I see funnels and baking soda in the back. They've been around for over 10 years so I guess they're making some profit. I've bought several of their batteries and they work well.

Very educational Thanks !