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Making Graphene from graphite | Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide | Purification step by step 

Polymer Scope
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Reduced Graphene Oxide rGO synthesized from graphite. All details of graphene synthesis showed step by step. Chemically reduction method was used. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) has been used for reduction agent. New purification method developed. Obtained reduced graphene oxide showed conductive properties. To learn more aboutmaking composites u can visit : / @polymerscope6881

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29 авг 2024

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Комментарии : 177   
@rohitbhosale8302
@rohitbhosale8302 11 месяцев назад
God is great almas Jacob yaar haat off from 50k to 230k and still growing it's because of patience and love for God and God is love who made everything with his love ❤
@dkjawahar-techexpt671
@dkjawahar-techexpt671 Год назад
Hat's off to you for the preparations and your detailed process carried out to obtain graphene. Thank you once again from Jawaharlal Bharath India 👍🙏
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Thank u bro
@haroldkoh6774
@haroldkoh6774 Год назад
Very good.... I like it.
@rezaalijanianzadeh4202
@rezaalijanianzadeh4202 2 года назад
Very Very nice THANKS
@pauladerksenmacruz
@pauladerksenmacruz 2 года назад
Thank you very much for the video! Some steps were enlightening. The final rGO was obtained in the beaker. Can I dry it in an oven to get powdered rGO?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
Yes, u can dry in oven but max at 60 C. İf u have vaccum drier, u should use it.
@rimafriendly2652
@rimafriendly2652 Год назад
Could you please provide specifics on the filter filter paper that was used ? btw, Amazingly straight forward and great video sir.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Thank u, It is normal rough filter paper.
@savagepoodle321
@savagepoodle321 Год назад
Is there a reason you did not use vacuum filtration in combination with your membrane filtration methods? It may have significantly reduced the time required for the rinsing and filtering steps.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Since GO becomes gel-like after pH 5, it is not possible to filter and wash with vacuum filtration.
@kyrie5247
@kyrie5247 6 месяцев назад
Why use a reflux assembly? I am also why 500ml of water is supplied at this time. 2:14 Please answer.🙏
@jozefnovak7750
@jozefnovak7750 Год назад
Super! Thank you very much!
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Thanks
@AlKholif
@AlKholif Год назад
4.25. When you was use the gallon to filter the GO, did you make a hole in a conical gallon piece? because the conical gallon it seems not clear. Please respons
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Yes. Holes were drilled in the conical part in order to make a good washing.
@AlKholif
@AlKholif Год назад
@@polymerscope6881 what you mean is that you make holes on all sides of the cone?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
to facilitate ion diffusion
@rodolfodiaz1494
@rodolfodiaz1494 3 месяца назад
Muy buen resultado. No se puede simplificar oxidando el grafito y luego reduciéndolo termicamente en horno???Digo yo que unas cuantas horas de lavados etc etc podriamos ahorrar no ??. Hay muchos oxidantes fuertes que en condiciones de presiôn adecuadas pueden separar las capas de grafito y este una vez oxidado pasarlo a estufa para separar las hipoteticas capas de grapheno que al final no son ùnicas si no que llevan varias capas de grapheno....
@deepaksahu1792
@deepaksahu1792 Год назад
Why i am suddenly getting graphene recommendation at midnight 🤨
@manuelferreira4345
@manuelferreira4345 Год назад
For real what did I do?
@aomedina3844
@aomedina3844 Год назад
Graphene is all you need!
@akshaygarg2429
@akshaygarg2429 Год назад
​@@aomedina3844 s
@yourfriend3999
@yourfriend3999 5 месяцев назад
because it's science time😂
@carrollsanders9376
@carrollsanders9376 Год назад
Nice work interesting video but I think the Flash arc Method to produce graphene will more likely produce molded forms of graphene, which is what I am interested in. Molded graphene could make me a Trillionare.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Thank u, I hope.
@carrollsanders9376
@carrollsanders9376 Год назад
@@polymerscope6881 molded graphene would be one layer 3 dimensional Graphene, possibly attached to nanotubes, you could use it to build advanced Super Capacitors, Computers and micro engines. Imagine an electric car engine, the size of an apple with 500 hp. Or an electric Turbo fan engine more powerful than a modern Jet engine. The sky is the limit in nano carbon engineering.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
@@carrollsanders9376 Yes you are right.
@NoahKainWhittington
@NoahKainWhittington Год назад
May I ask how long did it take for the membrane filtration to finish? I am washing some graphene oxide that I made a few days ago using a method similar to yours.
@NoahKainWhittington
@NoahKainWhittington Год назад
I repeated this experiment to the T and realized the membrane filtration takes like a week if you want a PH of 6.5 to 7.
@marwarabee1690
@marwarabee1690 2 года назад
Please what is the kind of fabric that used in membrane filtration Thank you very much that is very useful video
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
Thank u. Coarse filtration paper was used.
@arnabarnab6218
@arnabarnab6218 2 года назад
Hi, I liked the way you washed GO. Was it a Filter paper or membrane? It was so strong that you could even scrap GO from it.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
it was simple, cheap and rough Filter paper
@arnabarnab6218
@arnabarnab6218 2 года назад
@@polymerscope6881 I am using centrifugal mc to seperate after wash, but it’s a very time consuming process. Your process seems super easy. I need to know the chemistry behind it, could you help please?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
@@arnabarnab6218 Each step is shown in detail in the video. It's pretty simple. You can write what you do not understand.
@arnabarnab6218
@arnabarnab6218 2 года назад
@@polymerscope6881 yeah, how the acid is washed away? Does it just diffuse from viscous graphene to water through the filter as it comes in contact with water?
@tanetumm343
@tanetumm343 2 года назад
Can you please tell me what kind and what grade of graphite did you use for this experiment ? Is it synthesis graphite or natural graphite ? How purify is your graphite ? Any suggestions for finding the best graphite to make graphene ?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
You can use commercial graphite of at least 98% purity. The size of the graphite is very important here. The smaller the graphite, the easier it is to separate into layers. This increases the purity of the graphene formed. The graphite average size should be a maximum of 20 microns.
@en2oh
@en2oh 9 месяцев назад
how much Sodium Borohydride is used?
@affizaladzmie4482
@affizaladzmie4482 Год назад
After the mixture is cooled that can we directly washed it using the membrane method?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
It needs to be filtered and washed first because it is very acidic. When the pH is around 3-4, I recommend you to apply the filter membrane method.
@affizaladzmie4482
@affizaladzmie4482 Год назад
Thank you 😁 quick question how much is the nabh4 you used for 500ml solution?
@magicofscience8899
@magicofscience8899 10 месяцев назад
Thankyou for this video
@sinemsoydas3966
@sinemsoydas3966 Год назад
hocam kurşun geçirmez plakayı bu rGO halini kalıba dökerek mi elde ediyoruz ?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Literatürde bu konuda örnek çalışmalar var. İyi bir kompozit hazırlayabilirseniz başarırsınız.
@user-st7li5ug9j
@user-st7li5ug9j 6 месяцев назад
I have two questions. 1. Can I use the membrane washing method right away without filtering through filter paper at 2:39? 2. It did not turn brown when refluxed like 2:00 and distilled water was added. Also, yellow gas was generated. Can you tell me the cause? Sulfuric acid used 95 percent. please answer 🙏
@AlKholif
@AlKholif Год назад
If we manufacturing GO, the steps are only up to the addition NaSO3 right to make the pH is neutral. How about the steps to produce Eco-friendly GO. whether we have to remove NaNO3?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
NaSO3 was typed incorrectly. NaCO3 was used. This is the chemical method. The famous Hummer method. We cannot remove NaNO3. Of course there are green methods.
@AlKholif
@AlKholif Год назад
@@polymerscope6881 In some papers, they are mentioned that, we can eliminating NaNO3. Because NaNO3 can release toxic gases when synthesis process. So that, I make it the Eco Friendly GO without used NaNO3. But I need more time to washing the GO after the pH is neutral.
@AlKholif
@AlKholif Месяц назад
@communist754@communist754 I removed NaNO3, and I used NaNO3 to compare it to the manufacturing of GO. There are a lot of methods for GO-producing
@Wilsonknowledge
@Wilsonknowledge Год назад
By addition of 500mL of water you raised the temperature to 90C, how long did you stir at this temperature?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
About 2 hours.
@GM4ThePeople
@GM4ThePeople 2 года назад
Like magic! It seems a painstaking & labourious process, but perhaps repeatable, on a good day. ;) Now then, can you actually turn around & sell this graphene for $100,000/kg? Strong demand could make for a nice little cottage industry.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
Thank you.
@xxxluvi
@xxxluvi Год назад
Awesome stuff
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Thnx.
@riturajsinghpanwar6470
@riturajsinghpanwar6470 2 года назад
How much time will it take to become brown after adding KMnO4
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
takes about 1 hour but the reaction takes 3 hours to complete
@simonlinser8286
@simonlinser8286 Год назад
is there a relation to the borene with tj.g e boronitride i see a similarity there in the sense that the carbon boron both having 4 bonds so they have a similar lattice and properties in their theoretical perfect lattice configurations... if that makes any sense....
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Here, sodium borohydride was used to reduce GO. You can also use hydrazine hydrate or absorbic acid instead.
@user-li9xx2zr9r
@user-li9xx2zr9r 5 месяцев назад
Thank you very much for this video
@HiluluxSon
@HiluluxSon 2 года назад
Would you make tutorial making elastic carbon conductive paint water base?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
Why not later.
@HiluluxSon
@HiluluxSon 2 года назад
@@polymerscope6881 thanks a lot Sir, I hope, you will add DC resistance measurement to.... Make my day brighter.
@mahmoudsorour2028
@mahmoudsorour2028 Год назад
Is the filtration paper not going to get damaged and particles of it will fall into the rGO?
@nematkhalil6205
@nematkhalil6205 Год назад
lot of thanks for you. I didn't find NaBH4 , will please inform me by another material.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Thank you. You can use hydrazine hydrate instead of NaBH4. Add 3 grams of GO to 600 ml of distilled water and add 90 ml of 80% hydrosine hydrate to it. Mix at 95 °C for 24 hours.
@antonioschum
@antonioschum 16 дней назад
Adakah cara lain yang lebih sederhana,tanpa bahan kimia? Ditempat saya sulit mencari bahan kimia tersebut.
@altantuyaochirkhuyag4557
@altantuyaochirkhuyag4557 Год назад
After adding KMnO4 into the system it becomes MnO2 (brown coloured). Did you eliminate it?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Of course, it wash with acetone and distilled water.
@omsingharjit
@omsingharjit Год назад
Does this GO decompose into Graphene if Pulse flased with it laser or focus sunlight ? For Lightscribe Caps .
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
I've seen several articles about making graphene using these methods.
@omsingharjit
@omsingharjit Год назад
@@polymerscope6881 you mean Graphene from GO right !
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Yes.
@sujaysaha9691
@sujaysaha9691 2 года назад
What was the particle size of the graphite powder (Starting material)
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
It was about 20 micron.
@drarifsiddiquie5443
@drarifsiddiquie5443 2 года назад
which filter paper you used?? My filter paper get worn out due to strong acid when I try to filter it out
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
Coarse filtration paper was used. You can filter the solution by diluting it with distilled water.
@Ok-yy5zi
@Ok-yy5zi Год назад
Although the graphene oxide was successfully synthesized, I found that the color did not turn into light brown following the H2O2 addition. can you suggest why?
@vangkhach1308
@vangkhach1308 Год назад
Well, from my personal experience, to gain the bright yellow-brown color of graphene oxide, you have to add distilled H2O2 slowly after the mixture is cooled (I cooled the glass in a ice bath for sure). If you add H2O2 30% quickly like in the video and at hot temperature (~90 oC), the color will alter.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Here, H2O2 is used to stop the reduction reaction. Because there is a possibility that the reaction will continue in the washing and purification stages after this reaction.
@Ok-yy5zi
@Ok-yy5zi Год назад
How long did you stir the mixture at a low temperature (in an ice bath) following the KMnO4 addition before transferring to temperature 35 C? Was it until the color turned green, or was there no specific time required? And how long did you stir the mixture after adding water until the color turned brown before adding H2O2 to terminate the reaction?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
30 minutes in an ice bath is sufficient. 1 hour is sufficient before adding H2O2.
@Ok-yy5zi
@Ok-yy5zi Год назад
@@polymerscope6881 thank you very much
@bedahscience130
@bedahscience130 2 года назад
in the oil bath, what oil to use in it. if not using reflux, is it possible? please respond.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
U can use the mineral oil. Due tu temeperature reach about 100 C, u should use the reflux system.
@rixonrainold1193
@rixonrainold1193 6 месяцев назад
Can the rGO obtained be used for Electrophoretic Deposition say for e.g. on CNT or Carbon Fibre Electrode?
@dn32585
@dn32585 Год назад
at 5:20 it looks like something is on fire in the reflection from the flask
@magnuswootton6181
@magnuswootton6181 Год назад
if you get it to be flexable, u can use it to build things with.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Absulately.
@magnuswootton6181
@magnuswootton6181 Год назад
@@polymerscope6881just something funny, being a smoker and seeing all this tar like stuff just makes me imagine my lungs, im gonna quit soon.
@user-do1tm8rx4v
@user-do1tm8rx4v 9 месяцев назад
Why is the oil bath used in the reflux assembly stage?
@user-do1tm8rx4v
@user-do1tm8rx4v 9 месяцев назад
Please Reply
@uzairdin8425
@uzairdin8425 9 месяцев назад
@@user-do1tm8rx4v it is used because of the water present in the flask and water is the medium for the reaction to happen. Here heat is also supplied while stirring so to avoid evaporation of the water it is used... Note: I might be wrong
@SoulSojourns
@SoulSojourns Год назад
5.23 you showed the bottle of sodium carbonate but in subtitle it says NaSO3. What to use? Sir please reply.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Sodium Carbonate NaCO3 👍
@anitajadhav653
@anitajadhav653 Год назад
Which filter paper is used in these process
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
type is not important. You can use simple, rough and cheap filter paper.
@NoahKainWhittington
@NoahKainWhittington Год назад
I just tried it with a couple of cheap plain coffee filters stacked on top of each other. It works great! The key is don't use graphite bellow 25 microns in size to avoid the produced graphene oxide from passing through the coffee filters.
@fetihuysal6806
@fetihuysal6806 Год назад
izlerken yoruldum
@finjay21fj
@finjay21fj 4 месяца назад
Im a big fan of graphene - how do you do this on a massive, therefor useful scale, then tho \(°•°)\?
@GQD538
@GQD538 3 месяца назад
Hi bro, My opinion, this processor has no centrifuge, so it's much longer time than normally process, in Taiwan I knew Angstrom already have a massive scaled up product, the customer I supposed to be Mitsubishi and Tesla. 😉
@sharukaumi8978
@sharukaumi8978 9 месяцев назад
which type of paper did you use for membrane washing?
@biochemist7556
@biochemist7556 Год назад
Sir any article link for this procedure?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
This is synthesis rGO by this modified Hummers method. You can easily find many articles on the synthesis of rGO using sodium boron hydride in the literature.
@percybeatz
@percybeatz Год назад
However, I thought the modified Hummers method uses phosphoric acid instead of NaNO3?
@blackrabbit6361
@blackrabbit6361 5 месяцев назад
Thank Q.
@thusithsenevirathne8643
@thusithsenevirathne8643 Год назад
Can i use small graphite pieces instead of graphite powder?
@glennedward2201
@glennedward2201 Год назад
No you would need to shave it off into powder.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
It can happen if you are going to do the oxidation reaction at least 3 times.
@skeptic5470
@skeptic5470 2 года назад
at 2:15 why the color has turned to brown when the graphite turns into GO? plz
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
Because oxidation reaction started. After this process, oxidized graphite has turned to black due to reduction reaction by NaBH4.
@skeptic5470
@skeptic5470 2 года назад
@@polymerscope6881 Thank you for answering, one last thing, can filter paper maintain its form under strong acid condition?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
@@skeptic5470 First of all, it is quite easy to apply and wash in a low pH environment. As the pH rises, the solution becomes viscous, making the filtration process difficult. Therefore, since the medium is not strongly acidic, filter paper can be used and not damaged.
@elifgurcu2073
@elifgurcu2073 2 года назад
Can NaOH be used instead of NaSO3? and How many grams of NaBH4 did you use?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
You can't use it because it is not a strong base, too much NaSO3 will be consumed and it will create pollution. Approximately 4 grams of NaBH4 was used.
@elifgurcu2073
@elifgurcu2073 2 года назад
@@polymerscope6881 how long did the graphene oxide dry at what temperature in the oven in the final stage
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
@@elifgurcu2073 24 hours at 50 C.
@elifgurcu2073
@elifgurcu2073 2 года назад
@@polymerscope6881 thank youu ☺️
@nematkhalil6205
@nematkhalil6205 Год назад
@@polymerscope6881 lot of thanks for you. I didn't find NaBH4 , will please inform me by another material.
@Buzzhumma
@Buzzhumma Год назад
I can make consuctive paint by crushing a hb pencil so what's your point
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Yes but but it cannot be as conductive as this material.
@Buzzhumma
@Buzzhumma Год назад
@@polymerscope6881 yes I see. If you start with Ketjenblack EC-600JD that is highly consuctive can this process derive higher conductive graphene ?
@bedahscience130
@bedahscience130 2 года назад
what kind of paper do you use?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
Rough filter paper was used.
@SupervegetoMasterSayayin
@SupervegetoMasterSayayin Год назад
cuanto sale el litro de grafeno amigo...
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
1 gram is 230 dollars, Bro...
@tusharmore8265
@tusharmore8265 Год назад
Which reference paper or article is used
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
This is modified Hummer's method. U can find many paper about it in the literature.
@th2oo22_ishfahanshah4
@th2oo22_ishfahanshah4 Год назад
Hello sir, may i know how many grams you use for Sodium Borohydride?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
About 3 grams. You can also use hydrozine hydrate.
@th2oo22_ishfahanshah4
@th2oo22_ishfahanshah4 Год назад
@@polymerscope6881 Thank You Bro ✨
@bedahscience130
@bedahscience130 2 года назад
may i know the journal you are using ?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
U can find many paper in the literature about modified Hummers Methot.
@arnabarnab6218
@arnabarnab6218 2 года назад
How much GO can be obtained from 5 gm of graphite?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
Its about 6 gram by this method. In filtration stage some of them lost. So, yield decreases.
@petevenuti7355
@petevenuti7355 Год назад
What is the point of oxidation just to reduce it back?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
To obtain graphene from graphite, it is necessary to separate the graphite into layers. With oxidation, oxygen enters between the layers and the distance between the layers is opened and the oxygen is removed as a result of reduction.
@petevenuti7355
@petevenuti7355 Год назад
@@polymerscope6881 so the purpose is purely for rapid and efficient exfoliation then . Would adding any side chains be any more or less difficult than adding it to benzine or other aromatic?
@franklingomez5311
@franklingomez5311 Год назад
@Polymer Scope why didnt you go the route of mechanical exfoliation of the graphite?
@franknkanae4971
@franknkanae4971 Год назад
@@polymerscope6881 Isn't this a bit theoritical how sure are we that we're that the reaction of oxygen with graphite separates the millions of layers
@mamirnazirnazir7789
@mamirnazirnazir7789 7 месяцев назад
How much time the whole procedure take
@stiabenlalongkumer9320
@stiabenlalongkumer9320 Год назад
Any one have any idea of synthesis of graphene composite?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
U can product the electrically conductive hydrogel composites for wearable electronics
@benedictekyamba
@benedictekyamba 7 месяцев назад
Quelle est la vitesse de l'agitateur?
@zboy6868
@zboy6868 Год назад
What is this used for?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
To increase the properties of thermal conductivity, porosity, electrical conductivity, mechanical strength.
@brundabatibarik9180
@brundabatibarik9180 Год назад
could you please reply what was that capsule you added at 4:02 and again at 4:51
@vinaybharadwaj5981
@vinaybharadwaj5981 Год назад
It is a magnetic bead used for stirring
@shalinimoorthy4842
@shalinimoorthy4842 2 года назад
can you provide base article of this method
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
U can find many articles about Modified Hummers method in the literature.
@shalinimoorthy4842
@shalinimoorthy4842 2 года назад
@@polymerscope6881 I am Asking for base paper u referred for this synthesis
@riturajsinghpanwar6470
@riturajsinghpanwar6470 Год назад
@@shalinimoorthy4842 use any paper of modified hummers method
@yogamon
@yogamon Год назад
You know there is an easier less toxic way to exfoliate graphite? Chlorosulfonic acid dissolves graphite into graphene
@glennedward2201
@glennedward2201 Год назад
One step process using peroxyacetic acid and sulfuric acid.
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
YES.
@duckworth_lewis
@duckworth_lewis Год назад
Vvce
@akashkapse5594
@akashkapse5594 2 года назад
Can you please help me ? How to do all this properly? Your insta id?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 2 года назад
All the details are shown in this video. U can do this.
@glennedward2201
@glennedward2201 Год назад
Thats what? Graphene Oxide? Everyone knows graphite is also conductive, so the testing proves nothing. Not sure i buy that any of these chemical methods work well. The reality is what percentage is possibly Graphene in that blob?
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Dry graphite is not conductive. At least as in the video.😉
@raymondchan2139
@raymondchan2139 Год назад
Nice video but wear the gloves bro loll
@polymerscope6881
@polymerscope6881 Год назад
Thanks 👍
@abduljumaat8366
@abduljumaat8366 11 месяцев назад
Magnet
@XthenewyorkerX
@XthenewyorkerX 8 месяцев назад
Is always graphite 😂
@Tyler-sp2qs
@Tyler-sp2qs 7 месяцев назад
Simply judging by the fact that this person has an actual lab and equipment, I’m willing to bet they know more about it than you do
@rajparmar57
@rajparmar57 10 месяцев назад
💉💉💉🤫⚰️
@lextersolis5943
@lextersolis5943 9 месяцев назад
What kind of oil was used in Oil Bath?
@sitihawamatyaman1209
@sitihawamatyaman1209 9 месяцев назад
silicon oil
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