Metabolism | Electron Transport Chain: DETAILED | Part 1 

4 years ago, and medical students up until today are still surviving with this. We can't thank you enough sir

🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation: 00:17 🧬 *The electron transport chain occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, specifically in the folded structures called cristae.* 01:40 🔄 *The process starts with glycolysis, converting glucose to pyruvate, and further to acetyl coenzyme A, generating NADH and FADH2 in the Krebs cycle.* 04:53 ⚡ *NADH and FADH2, carrying high-energy electrons, enter the electron transport chain, starting with NADH being oxidized to NAD+.* 06:57 🔄 *Coenzyme Q (Q) receives electrons from NADH and is reduced to QH2, then passes electrons to complex 3 (cytochrome B) in the chain.* 10:57 ⚙️ *Complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase) and Complex 2 (Succinate dehydrogenase) pass electrons down the chain, with Complex 1 pumping protons into the intermembrane space.* 14:03 🔄 *QH2 passes electrons to cytochrome B, pumping more protons, and then hands off electrons to cytochrome C, continuing the chain.* 18:07 🔗 *Cytochrome C transfers electrons to cytochrome oxidase (Complex 4), leading to the final step where oxygen is involved, forming water.* 22:46 🌬️ *Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, forming water when combined with electrons and protons.* 23:40 ⚡ *Energy released during electron transfer at complex 4 is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.* 27:34 🔄 *Protons are pumped out at Complex 1, Complex 3, and Complex 4, contributing to a higher proton concentration in the intermembrane space than the mitochondrial matrix.* 28:30 📊 *Proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane establishes a concentration gradient, a crucial aspect in ATP synthesis.* 28:57 🔄 *NADH produced in glycolysis needs a specific mechanism to enter mitochondria for electron transport, a topic to be covered in the next video.* Made with HARPA AI

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I have to say, it took me some time to realize that the NADH gives one proton to FMN, but i was confused as to why it was FMNH2 and not FMNH since it's getting one proton and 2 electrons from NADH. And in the video he doesn't explain where he got the second proton from. I finally understood that the NADH actually combines with a proton from the matrix which has an abundance of protons. So it's NADH + H+ to FMN = FMNH2.

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I have a degree in biochemistry from UC Berkeley. This is one of the best descriptions and elaborations of the ETC (OxPhos) I have ever seen. Kudos to you. And ... it shows NADH (and FAD) not NAD+ are critical. Also show the need for Fe (Iron).

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Thank you so much for the explanation. But I'm wondering where does the energy released from complex II go? Is it just dissipated as heat and lost to the surroundings? Or is there any physiological significance in this?

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Very well, its amazing explanation. But the textbooks are more complicated. At complex 1, FMNH2 pass electrons to Fe-S clusters then to CoQ. Complex 3 has Q cycle mechanism to passes electrons, then at complex 4 electrons-> CuA -> heme a -> heme a3 -> CuB -> O2 and water molecule formed What an amazing complicated proccess

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