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I love that in the course of making this video, David and his collaborators just casually made an entirely new PET compatible modern spec keyboard replacement that, unless i'm overstating it, will be a bumper help to PET collectors and restorers and will keep hardware like the PET and updated clones like the MiniPET in good keyboards for the foreseeable future... and somehow that wasn't the focus of the episode, hah, I love that
@@0raffie0 Not always repairable. While I agree with you that they should be repaired if they can be, if they can't, it is good to be able to have a reasonable replacement.
That reminds me of the days of typing in code from magazines... and some of the fonts were not the greatest for telling what was 0, O or Q, or 1, l and L.
@Todd I don't remember if I did type in any out of COMPUTE! or not, maybe it was. I re-coded the logic for the Reversi game, as it wasn't challenging enough for me. I did find that COMPUTE! had an ST Reversi game, but the one I was using had Atari 400/800, TI-99/4A, C64, VIC20, and I think Timex/Sinclair code, all in the one article.
@@aelecx9083 you knos this computer freaking released in 1977 and this pet kit it's just for diy for fun and in 1977 commodore pet was cutting edge and expansive so it's really awesome for his school to buy it
He was probably in a rush for the video, would make sense for him to invest in a workspace so he can work more consistently on kits without worrying about missing connections or solder bridges.
@@amirpourghoureiyan1637 Yea I can see the logic in that. But since the chips already came apart from the sockets it wouldn't be all that much work to just connect the meter. Blowing all chips will take way more time. However, I am sure that the 8-Bit-Guy knows his stuff, it might not be that obvious to all people watching this video. It would be a devastating experience for someone who saved up some money to buy this product and see all the components go up in flames.
@@basvisscher934 Yeah, I brought a Spectrum ZX81 kit and socketed all the chips so I could power the board before inserting them to check that the power was going to the right pins
@@basvisscher934 tbh I'm sure people who want to make their own PET would have some electrical knowledge considering it's known more for it's utility and historical value than for games like the later Commodore machines. In the case of casual users though, a lot of caution and double-checking is a good measure when tackling a kit with similar level of risk.
Never in my life did I think that retro computer kits would be a thing, over 40 years after they were originally released, but I'm glad. I can show my daughter the 8-bit computers I grew up with as she looks at lines of code and at simple looking games (slightly bemused) and yet having played like Space Invaders, she returns to them later on, as she finally understands gaming concepts like playability meaning more than something looking good or sounding good. So far it's all been on emulations so something running on a PC or tablet means it's still attached to today's technology but a board and chips shows how old computers were. The beginnings of affordable home computing is a subject today's tech nerds need to delve into to understand it and it's a fusion of generations who enjoyed it long ago and get to enjoy it again. 4:49 - I noticed the board label 'tynemouth software mini pet V1.44' and then googled out of curiosity and found that the company is just under 5 miles away from where I live.
I got my first computer in 1995, a variation on the PowerMac 6100. I still wanted a Compact Mac to hang onto and play around with some older stuff from the late 80s/early 90's that wouldn't run on that machine. Never really got into Apple II though. Played around with it a bit, but felt a bit too basic for me and never really had the desire to go back to it.
It sounds like you're reaching. Hardly anyone grew up with a PET. They just were not ever meant to be in the home for kids. Literally nobody was asking for this computer to be made. Being a PET, it is essentially DOA. They are no good for games and nobody would ever use one today for any kind productivity or even as a terminal to an internet based BBS. It is an expensive piece of kit where the best experience you will have with it is soldering it and then troubleshooting where your mistakes were.
I find these have still charm, no x86 pc has, that is both software and electronics is easy enough to "fix yourself", ie. troubleshoot problems, which is infinite power for parent like you. I find , when we had 486 pc at home, missing out something of this "charm", as C+assembly in DOS isnt same as programming these machines. It doesnt give same learning experience, confidence and joy. I never had amiga so I cannot compare those, I know some people are die hard amiga fans.
Wow, what a flashback to times of old. I was a software engineer working on the military UNIVAC computer, the AN/UYK-7 at the Naval Underwater Systems Center in Newport, Rhode Island, and writing "The Inventor's Sketchpad" column for Interface Age Magazine when I bought my first personal computer, the original Commodore PET. I ordered the one with just 4K of memory ($600) but several weeks later got notified that they weren't making that version anymore because everyone was asking for the extra 4K upgrade which cost another $200!! I accepted that, grudgingly. It was a fun little machine.
Regarding the spacebar - you could have dissasemble two cherry switches, remove the spring and contact leaf and just use them as stabilizers - therefore making middle switch only one that actually works. That would make it not very stiff and should well stabilise it :)
Fun fact(s): the Commodore PET was the first home microcomputer late Nintendo president Satoru Iwata cut his teeth on, while he was an intern at Commodore of Japan. NEC got into the home micro business & ostensibly ran Commodore out of the country, after which Iwata went on to found a homebrew computer club for fellow hobbyists that later incorporated as HAL Laboratory (of Kirby, Mother, & Smash Bros. fame).
@aprofondir actual PETs are 40 year old antiques and replacement components are extremely difficult to source for the most part. The MiniPET on the other hand is just off the shelf freely available components.
@@21Trainman Not only that, but it would take plenty of heat off that 5V regulator. It should be a full-bridge rectifier - it’d present the 5V regulator with about 7V worst case, so any reasonably LDO would do the job with 2V drop-off available for it.
@@absurdengineering Good point - I can’t imagine it’d draw enough power to cause problems for the diodes or their surrounding area, so it could only improve things.
@@AmoyamoyamoyaRU-vid You could even easily build one out of 4 discrete diodes, and to really make sure it's flat, connect a small capacitor at the end.
re concern about selling the Commander X-16 as a kit: You should turn it into a proper learning tool, especially now that many in the audience will not have experience with this anymore. Give step by step instructions with details and rationale like you mentioned in the video of doing the sockets first; but also include *checklists* of Q/A checking along the way. Design it so it can be tested electrically, as much as possible. Tell them to check the power before putting the chips in, etc. Finally, make it a WIKI site so that people can add their own notes and experiences and post solutions to problems that are found in the wild.
Agreed, I grew up in the 90's and didn't really know about these old systems until adulthood but I still find them quite fascinating and think it may be a good idea to learn coding on them. I don't have a lot kit experience but I have assembled a few and I've picked up a few things from watching RU-vidrs. BigClive has a device that holds PCB's in place while he solders which he apparently picked up many years ago, if I knew where to find one (and it didn't cost too much) I'd get it.
Indeed. Unwanted shorts between adjacent pins and to ground (particularly of the power rails) are something that can and should be checked during the soldering process. A well chosen set of continuity checks will catch a lot of the common problems and not take very long at all; if you're worried about inexperienced kit builders you can just supply explicit instructions for those.
It would be nice if a modern coding language were ported to the system, I'm not sure if the 6510 CPUs were capable enough to get the C language working on it but something familiar to Pi users like Python would be a nice thing for students and hobbyists.
@@amirpourghoureiyan1637 The 6502 is poorly suited to C, but that of course hasn't stopped people from building a C compiler for it anyway. CC65 (cc65.github.io/) has been available for decades, and is of very high quality.(Disclosure: I've contributed a very tiny amount of code to the VIC-20 libraries for it.)
@@Curt_Sampson Awesome, they should include that with a beginners bundle, would be great to see if the X16 would fare any better than the early Commodore line-up
8:32 This is probably why they used the Atmel. They're great little chips to use to replace custom IC's in a project like this. Cheap as chips, plentiful, and can be programmed to duplicate the functionality of rare, old or custom chips, while extending the functionality of the original system. 22:32 I think this kind of custom hackery is EXACTLY what these kinds of kit projects are intended to stimulate.
yes. and because they also come from Microchip now, it is also a good option to look at the dsPIC33EV. it is fully 5V compatible and runs with 70MHz and 16 bit. but i have to say that emulating a video chip is a crazy achievement. i don't think that it is possible with the c64 VIC-II. but never say never. maybe with some crazy dma trickery?
@@stefanweilhartner4415 In this case it's apparently subbing the 6545 CRT Controller chip, possibly the whole raster output system. Actually, I wonder if it might be related to the dual ported RAM? If both the CPU and 6545 are capable of accessing the RAM at the same time in this reimplementation it might be capable of running faster than 1mhz: Would an original 6545 be able to keep up?
@@stefanweilhartner4415 yep. The PET usually allows alternate cycle access between the video generator and the CPU. If I get what the dual port ram is doing correctly, it seems like both the CPU and video generation could run synchronously, so long as both the CRTC and CPU can keep up.
@@TheTurnipKing The dual port ram is needed because the atmel chip does not have an external memory bus like the 6502, so it can't share a single port ram. It needs to 'bit-bang' one on its dedicated port.
What is totally awesome: how you said on one hand there were probably more pets out there than functional keyboards...and it sounds like that problem just got solved :D
Here's the download of my game RPG Quest: Minimae (aka PETima) that was shown in the video, in case anyone wants to try it: 8bitshowandtell.com/prg/petima.prg
@@haraldschiner6837 I mean...anyone between 40 and 50 has seen 8-bit porn. And when you've seen one 8-bit porn, you've seen 'em all. Any other age-groups here?
To fix your keycap issue, you may want to look into DSA, XDA, MDA, NP, or OSA style keycaps, as they have completely uniform keys. The set you have is an OEM style set and they keys are going to be sculpted for ergonomics. Cherry and SA style sets will have the same sculpted design as the OEM set that you have. With the DSA, XDA, etc keycaps, you can have any key you like at any location without keys being taller or shorter than the others around it
A few years ago I was watching a video with metal welding. Someone walked by and asked "Isn't it a bad idea to look directly at that? Doesn't the light burn your eyes? You shouldn't be looking directly at it."... *facepalm*
Fans and an open window are your best buddies while soldering. Repaired many an Apple IIe in high school with my ol' trusty soldering iron. Heck even had it with me in classes. Can't tell you how many times I was called out of class to fix a video connector on a IIe. Or scrape a peanut butter sandwich out of a cartridge loading CD-ROM drive... Or play electrician and fix that male to male extension cable a friend and I found the fun way with metal scaffolding while working on lighting for a school play... Gads I miss Radio Shack... I need a new soldering iron and solder to fix those same speakers from 1984. Best damn speakers my father ever bought. 36 years and these black beauties are still working-ish. Need to re-solder the connections in the signal cable to the plug AGAIN. And the signal cable keeps getting shorter and shorter...
@@battleangel5595 Radio Shack is making a comeback. They already have re-opened a few hundred Radio Shack "express" stores, and about 400 independent franchisees survived the "death" of Radio Shack. Of course, none of the new stores are anywhere near where I live (we used to have three.) Instead of having stand-alone stores, though, a lot of them are in space rented from other retailers like Hobby Shack USA.
I was watching this video with my 9 month old daughter. She has heard Dave's voice since she was born so she always stops what she's doing and pays attention.
I learnt to code in Basic on a Commodore Pet when at I attended Salford University in the early 1980's. This video brought back some great memories. Thanks.
@@EvilSandwich BASIC had its place, but these days the most commonly found language in learn to code courses is probably Python - as used, for example, on Raspberry Pi. Those working on embedded systems will typically use C, perhaps using the Arduino or mbed environments initially. The first rudiments of programming are sometimes taught using visual coding environments like Microsoft MakeCode (e.g. on BBC micro:bit hardware). BASIC made sense 'back in the day', but suffers from lack of standardisation in areas such as flow control and lexical scoping. Graphics primitives are dialect specific, as are any library or object orientated features. These limitations together with the wealth of pedagogical material already out there for alternatives such as Python means BASIC is unlikely to make a comeback. The last company to push BASIC heavily was probably Microsoft with Visual Basic, but traditional Visual Basic was declared a legacy product in 2008 and development stopped with Visual Basic 6.0. Visual Basic .NET is still actively developed, but is a fully object-orientated language that doesn't have the deterministic execution of traditional Visual Basic. C# is perhaps more popular than Visual Basic .NET for .NET development, though the popularity of these two languages seems to wax and wane. Realistically, traditional BASIC is a legacy language these days, just as 8 bit microprocessors are legacy products these days. Low end 32 bit microcontrollers are so cheap now that there is little reason not to select a 32 bit chip unless using DIP packages, 5V logic level compatibility, reuse of existing code assets and/or shaving every penny off the BOM cost steers you towards an 8 bit chip. I have fond memories of my journey with 8 bit equipment but I haven't powered on my ZX Spectrum or BBC Master in years (and would expect them to need some recapping and other hardware maintenance to use them again). I certainly would not spend the money on something like the Mini PET, wonderful as it undoubtedly is for those who want a 'new' PET. If I wanted a 'new' 8 bit, 16 bit or early 32 bit computer to use for legacy system software, I'd probably go for an FPGA based solution if software emulation was inadequate. If you want to buy something to code on, you can buy a Raspberry Pi or similar device for something like a quarter of the cost of the Mini PET kit, power it with a redundant phone charger (so long as it has sufficient output), hook it up to your television using HDMI, connect an inexpensive wireless keyboard and perhaps also a mouse and you have all you need. The Mini PET really isn't a learn to code tool - there is little point in most people learning about the limitations and idiosyncracies of systems originally designed over 40 years ago.
@@DavidWood2 Not everyone wants to learn programming to make a career out of it. Some people just want to explore and play around for fun. That being the case, a simple to understand language that can teach the rudiments of programming is just as valid as learning some variation of C or Java etc. Modern computers are daunting, huge layers of abstraction, requiring various bloated 'libraries' to access their complicated user interfaces etc. It's easy to be distracted or put off by that, and many modern languages just aren't ideal for learning the very basics. Who cares if the language isn't a modern 'standard'? C, C++, C#, Java, Python, Perl and Lua are all different to each other anyway. However, the basic mental processes are transferrable, so once learned, it relatively easy to move on to another language. Would you teach kids to read by giving them Tolkien, Asimov or a car maintenance manual as their first book?
Good call! It would be easy to use those jumpers, which were put in place to allow the polarity change on the barrel jack, to be used to install a power switch!
Damn! Just whipped up two PCB designs outta nowhere! They look so much better! And I'm always impressed when I see PCBWay boards in videos. They look high quality, solid, and sexy. Great video and effort from everyone involved!
I think it was surprise at the keyboard being decent even though it was made in a couple of days, TexElec makes logic boards and isn't as experienced as someone who makes and sells keyboards. The fact that it didn't just match the PET's but improved on it is an achievement. I'm actually glad one of the retro reviewers actually provided a solution instead of just complaining like others, the 8-Bit Guy has been pretty good at offering new ideas and ways to make the most of these hobby projects
@@AnonymousGentooman spring weight is always preference, but cherrys are consistently scratchier than pretty much everything else. plus, yeah, other (imo better) switches are cheaper
i hate to be that person (but im going to be anyway), but when soldering pins you need to put the solder into the pin and pad, not the iron. makes it super quick to just fire through pins
Way back in the day I worked on a green screen monitor, doing airline reservations in Omaha, NE, watching your video brought back some memories! A 3D printed case of some sort would be a great idea to go with this little PET project.
I can't believe the makers of that kit thought that keyboard was in any way shape or form acceptable. Specially at the premium pricing for that kit. I mean it's just a bunch of bare microscwitches without any keycaps on them, with their labels being literally just a silk screen on a PCB. When he took the keyboard out i assumed the keycaps were in a separate bag, but nope, that was the whole thing. Like.. seriously? Using even the cheapest keyboard switches (or just rubber membrane) and cheapest plastic caps would give the user wayyy better typing experience at about the same manufacturing price.
There are keyboards that use switches like that (The PocketType for instance), but they always come with keycaps and are designed not to flex like crazy like a PCB. Point being that the keyboard could have been done cheaply AND right.
@Tone. He had shown two original pet keyboards in the video and both had keycaps. The second bigger one actually looked pretty comfy. So what you get with this kit is nowhere close to the original. You basically get a cheap mechanical keyboard with no caps, plain and simple. Typing any longer code on that would be a nightmare.
Literally made a new keyboard from scratch in a few days on a whim for this video. That's awesome. This is why I love your videos, and actually turn off adblock.
Old Compute! magazines have more technical information in a single issue than modern-day technical manuals have in total, assuming what you buy has a manual to begin with.
The irony of asking if I "made it this far" when RU-vid decided to throw not one, not two, but SIX mid-roll ads into your video... RU-vid's getting extremely aggressive with automatic mid-rolls so you may want to take manual control of them, as having to watch an ad or two roughly every 4 minutes makes it really hard to follow along with the things you're talking about.
I’m totally happy to watch ads to support the channel - but the constant and often unskippable mid rolls made this the most painful 26 minutes of 8 bit guy I’ve ever watched. Please please get the midrolls under control - they are really spoiling your great content
@@Ffinity I don't want to have to do that, not for a channel with content I like. Besides, speaking as a creator myself, I know there's manual controls over mid-roll ads, but it was a very recent change which caused the level of automatic ads to go nuts and not everyone's noticed or got informed the change was even happening, so I wanted to comment on this to make sure David's aware of what just happened with regards to automatic ads on his video. :B
That's pretty cool. I wish there was something similar for 486 PC's. I have ao486 installed on my MiSTer FPGA, but I would like to see a board that all allows you to install different chips representing the different parts of an old 486 PC. That way you get smaller modern parts and also the experience of building the PC.
Amazing. I hope there will be more of similar products available for other popular platforms, ideally fully open source, so future improvements can be done. I highly appreciate the community’s tremendous efforts to keep Commodore alive in modern world. Keep up the awesome work and hopefully carry the legacy of the 8-bit computers into the future.
I would absolutely love to have something like the Mini-PET, but that upfront investment is just so hard for my wallet to justify. Still, what an absolutely brilliant piece of hardware! Maybe these will be cheaper with time...
The 8-Bit Guy what I’d like to see is a modern day equivalent to the Apple II GS. The Apple II has peaked my interest in the pre Macintosh era Apple and something like that would be nice.
@@The8BitGuy SMD parts certainly can be cheaper than DIP components, but for the price they are asking, the cost of the components should not be the problem. My initial though was that there was about €50 of components on it, but since they are using original WDC parts it might be a bit more. Still, I don't see how you could reach €100 with the components on the board. Whatever the reason of the cost, there should be plenty opportunities to reduce the cost without resorting to SMD.
Man, these weeks without The 8-Bit Guy were hard. As a punishment for taking so long, I'm gonna watch this video 10 times. Skipping no ad. Hope you're happy.
Over the past days i have fallen in love with your videos! I wasn't yet born when these machines were in use but i really love their simplicity, how a single person can understand pretty much everything about an old 8 bit computer. I think ill watch these videos, including the commodore history, as ill learn about digital electronics. Im not at that point tho, not yet at least. Thank you for making these videos
Wow that takes me back, to dim memories of a stripling of a lad myself who got his hands on a broken Commodore Pet and not knowing very much about electronics, I had this "Teach yourself electronics" book which was a popular series in the days before Dummies books and with a borrowed GPO multimeter, a nasty stinky and somewhat lethal soldering iron and scavenging many non propriertory parts from other devices I managed to get the bloody thing working. Lacking software etc I then had to find ways to get all that and surprisingly it worked, sold it for a small to medium fortune and used that to buy some very early IBM's and my Sinclair ZX80 first issue kit. Quite a funny story in the eighties my mum at the Times interviewed Sir Clive and she actually said to him "Did you know what your machine did to our carpets?" because that ZX80 got so hot and no computer desks in them days lol
Awesome story :) Sadly I was too young/too old! When I was a kid PETs were new and unaffordable when you're like 10 yrs old. Then when they finally plummeted in value and I could afford one, I was too old to play around with that old stuff, I had me a Toshiba T1200 and it was PURRRfect. Then I ditched that boat anchor and by the time I realized what I was missing, all that stuff was either gone or unaffordable again. GROAN!
Dave Curran oh wow, you make these kits? that rules. my dad used to have like 30 PETs, but my mom made him sell them all before i was born. someday when i can afford to, i’d love to get him one of these - maybe by then our local user group will be able to have in person meetings again!
Good Guys PCBWay - not sponsoring the video but still providing you with free, awesome and quick turn-around PCB's for the video. That's the best kind of free advertising they deserve to help bring projects like this forward with the benefit of helping people repair old systems with dead keyboards. This just solidifies my chances of buying stuff from them if I ever need to design and prototype a PCB for a project, with high quality and quick turn-around of the boards.
The very first computer I ever used! Tape drive + waiting 4 - 6 hours for a program to load from tape. And if it failed to load, then I had to wait until the next school day to use it. I had to come and watch this video. Nice job and detail! Thank you for bringing my childhood nostalgic memories back.
I haven't read all the comments (there's a 1000+), so just a tip on the placement of the power regulators, and that instead of directly soldering the main tab onto the pcb, it might be more convenient to use heatsink grease & then use a screw & nut to hold it down. This is the usual industry "standard". It is more convenient than soldering especially when you have to replace the reg. That is why the regulator tab has a hole, to use a screw. You can also add a separate tiny heatsink to the tab, either make it yourself from sheet metal with a simple shape, or find a proper heatsink for TO-220 packages. I don't know how hot those get on a PET, I haven't used a PET since the mid 1980's. Personally, as for the MiniPET, it would be nice if it was designed to take advantage of the higher speeds of the new 6502 it is using, but apparently it doesn't, I'm unsure, even if it takes carefulness for any compatibilities.
A real Commodore PET averages around $300-400ish (except for chiclet/blue PETs), often in working condition. If you're patient, sometimes less. This is neat but really you could achieve the same thing more cheaply with emulation or a RPi, unless you are really about building the thing. That said, the one they have as a drop-in replacement for a dead PET board could be handy in the future as more originals fail.
I never get tired of your video. It is fun to watch and also learn about computers from the 80s I myself am from 1974 and my first computer was a Commodore 64 and some fun memories from back then playing games and programing in Basic a little bit :-)
I couldn't help but smirk when his keyboard parts took FOREVER in transit. Welcome to the wonderful world of mechanical keyboards. Now join a group buy, fork over 400 dollars and wait for 2 years for you new keyboard kit! Love the look of a PCB loaded up with Cherry MX Blacks. Nice!
Planet X1 came out on the VIC-20 years ago, it just needs a RAM expansion to run since the system lacks resources for more complex games that would've run fine on other machines of its day like the 64 and Spectrum.
These sort of videos showing older technology always give me so much more appreciation for the old computers. To see what they did with basic parts is amazing.
25:36 He basically ported Mario Maker to Commodore machines and it wasn't even the main focus of the video. Thanks for the tile editor, I imagine it will be very useful for others looking to do some retro game dev
2:11 Nerdy dad looks through magnifying glass at solder job on BYO Commodore PET board. I doubt I'll see a better representation of modern retro computing lol.
@The 8-Bit Guy I love how you narrate these videos like they are happening in real time even though you already know whats gonna happen. It's fun but in a dorky way. This video convinced me to try to build a kit computer. I have purchased an RC2014.
@@XalphYT It's more about knowing there were such switches rather than actually using those. Getting one (as an option) for use in such a project wouldn't hurt though.
True, but it doesn't matter if you live in Europe, Asia, or the Americas: Odds are, you will be able to find someone that will sell you non-latching MX switches. When you go for the latching variation, your options drop significantly throughout the world.
@@XalphYT Switches themselves are externally the same and thus there wouldn't be much trouble making both types fit into the PCB. Of course options drop if you choose the latching one, but it's not like I could get original PET where I live either. Good news with that locking MX switch is that it'd be drop-in replacement as long as the board treats the switch as a latching one. The only thing that's different from standard MX switch is LED recess moved to the right.
"It's things like this that make me very concerned about selling the Commander X16 as a DIY kit." - No, thats why its good to sell as a kit! If you sell it as parts you don't have to worry about your own mistakes, and if other people make mistakes they can learn from it. Kit building is fun after all :)
My cat pet is missing all her tooth parts, she wanders around with her tongue sticking half out "merrrrrwwwww! MERRRRRRRRRW!" Yeah she's drunk. So what.
It should be mandatory to check continuity after soldering and before plugging in, it's saves a lot of headaches. When you sell your PCs you should supply allowable ohm values to be checked.
@@absurdengineering No only on the power rails, because that's the only thing that will cause stuff to burn, ie, if it's zero ohms don't plug in the power.
I used, ages ago, the version of PET without the built-in cassette deck and with a more normal(-ish) keyboard as an instrument controller in a laboratory, because of its GP-IB (IEEE-488) bus. This is _really_ a blast from the past. Thank you!
This thing is very cool. If it was only about $70 cheaper, or came with a full-size keyboard kit, like you added, I would buy it in a heartbeat. Of course I already have a working vintage 2001 PET. This is the best of the retro-ish computer kits I've seen.
18:57 I get the feeling a whole bunch of orders had this problem. I ordered something that had this problem around that time as well. USPS going through an existential crisis probably had something to do with it.
I love your map editor! I love that it even works on the 128 in 128 mode and the Amiga 4000 without an emulator (with only minor changes on BASICally any Commodore machine).